Genome sequencing has been going on major medicinal plants, including Platycodon grandiflorus, which is commonly used as a functional food and medicinal resource in Korea. Molecular cytogenetic studies using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) show the chromosomal organization of specific DNA sequences. We analyzed the FISH karyotypes of P. grandiflorus ‘Jangbaek’ and a colchicine-induced tetraploid cultivar ‘Etteumbaek’ using 5S and 45S rDNA probes. As a result, ‘Jangbaek’ had chromosome length ranging from 2.34 ± 0.13 to 3.99 ± 0.197 μm with its karyotypic formula of 2n = 2x = 18 = 16m + 2sm (two satellites) whereas ‘Etteumbaek’ had chromosome length of 2.37 ± 0.08 to 4.20 ± 0.16 μm and a karyotypic formula of 2n = 4x = 36 = 24m + 12sm (four satellites). A pair of 5S rDNA signals observed interstitially in chromosome 3 and the co-localization of 5S and 45S rDNA signals occupying the nucleolar-organizing region (NOR) of chromosome 6 was observed in the diploid cultivar ‘Jangbaek’. Doubling of both signals co-localized in the NOR of chromosome 6 were observed in the colchicine induced tetraploid cultivar. However, the tetraploid revealed a modified positioning of 5S rDNA signals on chromosome 3 interstitially, with observable vague dispersed signals in one chromosome of chromosomes 1 and 5. This result will be useful for further breeding program and chromosomal backbone for the Platycodon genome analysis.

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Perilla species (Lamiaceae) have been used as a resource for oilseeds and vegetables, and medicinal purposes. Cytogenetic studies based on chromosomal composition are essential to understand the basic genome structure of a species and to provide vital information for crop improvements. However, only a few studies have assessed the cytogenetic aspects of Perilla species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotypes using 5S and 45S rDNA probes were analyzed for the wild and cultivated species of Perilla: P. citriodora and P. frutescens. Chromosome complements were diploid in P. citriodora and allotetraploid in P. frutescens. The chromosome length ranged from 3.07 to 4.92 μm and 2.41 to 5.73 μm in the diploid and allotetraploid variants, respectively. The karyotypic formula was 2n = 12m + 8sm (2 satellites) for P. citriodora and 2n = 20m + 20sm (2 satellites) for P. frutescens. A pair of 5S signals was detected in the telomeric region of chromosome pair 7, while a pair of 45S rDNA signals was detected in the telomeric region extending through the satellite region of chromosome 2 of P. citriodora. However, two pairs of 5S signals were detected from the interstitial to the telomeric regions of chromosome 7 and 17, and a pair of 45S rDNA signals was located on the satellite region of chromosome 20 of P. frutescens. This result will provide useful information to develop a breeding program and to construct the chromosomal backbone for the ongoing genome sequence assembly project.

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The genus Senna in the family Fabaceae is distributed and cultivated around the world and has been used as sources of medicine and commercial goods. Molecular cytogenetic study based on FISH technique is useful for breeding and genomic research of the species. Triple-color FISH karyotype analyses were carried out to understand the genome structure of two Senna species, S. covesii (A. Gray) H. S. Irwin & Barneby and S. floribunda (Cav.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby using 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, and telomeric repeat probes. Three and one pairs of 45S and 5S rDNA signals were detected, respectively, in S. covesii, whereas one pair each of 45S and 5S rDNA signals, were detected in S. floribunda. Telomeric signals appeared at all chromosome termini in both species. This result provides basic cytogenetic information which will be useful for future breeding and genomic research of Senna species.

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