Coix lacryma-jobi L. is a cereal crop belonging to the Poaceae family, valued for its nutritional, medicinal, and ornamental uses. Among its varieties, two prominent landraces, C. lacryma-jobi var. kiboa and var. tapol, are cultivated for their distinct grain morphologies and favorable agronomic traits. However, despite its economic importance, detailed cytogenetic and molecular phylogenetic studies remain limited. This study presents a cytogenetic and molecular phylogenetic analysis of C. lacryma-jobi L. var. kiboa and tapol. Partial cytogenomic characterization on the 45S and 5S rDNA loci as well as Arabidopsis- type telomeric repeats using pre-labeled oligomer probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (PLOP-FISH) technique confirmed a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20 in both varieties. The 45S and 5S rDNA loci were localized on the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) of the short arm of chromosome 1 and the long arm of chromosome 4, respectively, indicating conserved chromosomal arrangements. Additionally, Arabidopsis-type telomeric repeats were detected at the terminal regions of all chromosomes. Chromosome sizes ranged from 2.98 ± 0.07 to 3.74 ± 0.11 μm in var. kiboa and from 3.42 ± 0.08 to 4.12 ± 0.05 μm in var. tapol. Phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS4) genes revealed a close genetic relationship between the two varieties, supporting their shared evolutionary lineage. These findings enhanced our understanding of adlay genetic diversity and provide foundational insights for plant breeding improvement, conservation strategies, and future genomic research.
Synthetic B. napus was produced through interspecific hybridization between nine varieties of B. rapa and only one exotic variety of B. oleracea var. alboglabra along with exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) before pollination. A total of eighteen crosses including their reciprocals were made between the two species. Crossability in both way directions between the two species of Brassica was not equally success. The degree of success was significantly influenced by maternal genotypes. On average, the cross success was 8.42% when the varieties of B. rapa used as female parents in contrast to 2.88% when B. rapa used a pollen parents. Among the four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) of GA3, 75 ppm gave highest response for different crossability characters in both way cross directions. The hybrids contained 19 somatic chromosomes which were the sum of the gametic chromosome number of B. rapa and B. oleracea. Of the two methods, followed to induce chromosome doubling in the adult plants, the Modified Injection Method was found more effective than the Cotton Plug Method. Among different concentration of colchinine 0.20% gave the highest success (66.67%) of chromosome doubling in the hybrids. All the colchiploid (C1) plants contained 38 chromosomes in their somatic cells which were the sum of the somatic chromosomes of both species. The genomes of resynthesized lines were also identified through Brassica genome specific SSR markers. The presence of markers for both A and C genome was detected in resynthesized lines suggesting that their genomic constitution was AACC.
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