Low temperature stress at the seedling stage of rice is an important factor causing the leaf discoloration, wilting and consequently leads to non-uniform crop maturation. In order to screen the cold tolerance elite lines efficiently, the five cold treatment conditions with different water and air temperature were designed and treated at seedling stage. For the evaluation of seedling tolerance, the injury was scored by visual rate and measured by Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) meter. In the reactions of varieties for each treatment, the treatment ‘B’ condition, 12ºC mean water with 24ºC mean air, shows clear discoloration, so it’s correlation coefficient was highest (r=−0.9, P<0.0001) among the treatments. In the treatment condition for screening the cold-tolerance elite line, the cultivar, treatment and their interaction significantly affect the SPAD value. The ‘A’ treatment, 12ºC mean water with 34ºC mean air, was the best way to observe the variation between the elite lines. On the basis of the Duncan’s test for SPAD value of cultivars, Keumo (moderate tolerant), Saetbyeol (sensitive) and Seolak (tolerant) were selected as check varieties. To study its impacts at the paddy field, the changes of crop characteristics such as height, panicle length, number of tiller and heading were investigated. In later growth period, the seedling treatment impact at the paddy field leads to heading delay. Due to the low temperature stress at the seedling stage induced by 12ºC mean cold water, Japonica and Tongil group shows the heading delay 4 to 7 and 8 to 11 days respectively.

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Advances in plant molecular techniques have dramatically widened the applicability of gene identification and pyramiding valuable genes. This study was carried out to pyramid five resistance genes for biotic stress into the japonica rice cultivar using marker-assisted selection (MAS) and marker-assisted background analysis of selected progenies using SSR markers. The Pi40, Xa4, xa5, Xa21 and Bph18 genes were combined in Jinbubyeo, a Korean japonica rice variety using MAS. Gene specific co-dominant PCR-based markers were used to select for homozygous recombinant lines in a segregating population derived from a cross between the parental homozygous resistant gene introgression lines. We had successfully developed multiple gene pyramided breeding lines (GPLs) for bacterial blight, blast, and brown planthopper using MAS in rice. The GPLs exhibited high resistance against biotic stress and had around 93% of the genetic background of the recurrent parent Jinbubyeo based on SSR graphical mapping. The yield and agronomic traits of the GPLs were similar to those of the recurrent parent, indicating that there is no apparent agronomic trait penalty associated with the presence of the resistance genes. The strategy of simultaneous foreground and phenotypic selection to introduce multiple R genes is very useful to reduce the cost and the time required for the isolation of desirable recombinants with target resistance genes in rice. The GPLs could be useful to enhance effective resistance for biotic stress and produce stable grain yield in japonica rice breeding programs.

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A set of five Korean rice cultivars and seven drought-tolerant indica lines were screened under irrigated non-stress and drought-stressed conditions in the 2011 and 2012 dry seasons at IRRI, Philippines. The drought-stressed experiment received mild to moderate stress. Under drought stress, ‘IR86918-B-439-B’ had the highest grain yield among all tested lines and ‘Hanarembyeo’ had the highest grain yield among the five Korean rice cultivars. ‘IR86918-B-439-B’ also had the highest yield under irrigated non-stress conditions. The grain yield of ‘Hanareumbyeo’ was similar to ‘IR86918-B-439-B’ under non-stress conditions. SSR marker analysis was performed using 125 SSR markers for detection of polymorphic markers between the Korean rice cultivars and the drought-tolerant indica lines, and for genetic diversity analysis. Twelve polymorphic markers were identified in the region of three major drought QTLs (DTY1.1, DTY2.2, DTY3.1) in two of the Korean rice cultivars and three of the drought-tolerant lines. These polymorphic markers will be useful as foreground genotyping markers for drought-QTL introgression in Korean rice genetic backgrounds.

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