Global area of genetically modified crops (GM crops or biotech crops) continues to grow. It was 189.9 million hectares in 2017. Recently, a total of 24 countries have approved GM crops for planting and additional 43 countries have formally imported biotech crops for food, feed, and processing, meaning that biotech crops are now commonly accepted in those countries. With the continuous growth of the global population and the impact of climate change, research and commercialization of genetically modified crops are important for solving global food security issues in the future. At present, a large number of GM rice varieties have been cultivated in China (Chen et al. 2004; Jia 2004). Among them, GM rice varieties with insect resistance (Bt, CpTI genes), disease resistance (Xa21 genes), and herbicide resistance (bar, EPSPs genes) are waiting for relevant planting permits (Chen et al. 2004). In particular, two varieties, “Huahua 1” and “Shanyou 63”, developed by China Huazhong Agriculture Co., Ltd. have obtained GM rice safety certificate from the Ministry of Agriculture of China. However, there is still a lot of controversy in South Korea on the commercialization and safety research of GM products. This article aims to conduct a rational analysis of China's GM rice pollen mobility and China's current GM rice commercialization process to provide relevant reference basis for safety evaluation and future commercialization process of GM rice in South Korea.

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• Assessment of potential gene flow from resveratrol-enriched genetically modified rice to non-genetically modified rice and weedy rice
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Plants are often exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses that affect plant growth, development, and productivity. Drought is an important abiotic stress that has a particularly serious impact on plant growth and development. We transformed rice with PsGPD using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We generated independent PsGPD-homozygous transgenic rice plants selected as single copy/intergenic lines by the TaqMan copy number assay and by T-DNA flanking sequences. These transgenic rice plants showed improvement of drought tolerance compared to wild-type plants under drought condition. RNA sequencing analysis showed that 2,992 genes were transcriptionally affected by the PsGPD transgene or drought treatment. In total, 145 genes were modulated by the PsGPD transgene before and after drought treatment. Among these candidate genes, 4 were up- and downregulated in all four comparisons. Several genes, including Os04t0576900, Os03t0629800, and Os04t0518400 (OsPAL7), were involved in tetrapyrrole synthesis. Os09t0522200 (DREB1A), an important component in hormone signal transduction, is a transcription factor (TF) gene that plays vital roles in stress responses. We partially characterized the functions of PsGPD in the drought stress response and the role of major TFs in the drought tolerance mechanism. These genes will be useful targets for both future research and the breeding of drought tolerance in rice.

Biochemical changes of CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic rice seed during germination in heavy metal stress condition were studied. Transgenic lines, L-8 (single copy) and L-23 (two copy), along with WT were evaluated under metal stress conditions. All the plants were treated with different metals and their two selected concentration. Final germination rate, changes in amylase activity, total protein, reducing and total sugar was observed in all treated and control samples. Metal stress showed considerable impact on final germination rate in CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic rice seed. Application of lead salt showed 100% germination in L-23 compared to Zn and Cu. However, maximum germination rate was recorded in L-23 seed when it was treated with 4 mM PbCl₂ and 0.5 mM CuCl₂ compared to WT. Amylase activity and total reducing sugar was increased in transgenic rice seed treated with 2 mM and 4 mM PbCl₂ as compared to WT. L-23 showed substantial increase in amylase activity and total reducing sugar compared to L-8 and WT. However, transgenic seeds treated with Zn and Cu showed substantial decreased in amylase activity and total reducing sugar with few exceptions. L-23 performed well regarding amylase activity and total reducing sugars in metal stress condition particularly in Pb as compared to Cu and Zn. CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic seed germination and their carbohydrate metabolism under metal stress condition were discussed. It was evident from the data that PbCl₂ showed better germination rate due to enhance amylase activity and carbohydrate mobilization of CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic seed as compared to Cu and Zn.

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• Chemometric study on the biochemical marker of the manglicolous fungi to illustrate its potentiality as a bio indicator for heavy metal pollution in Indian Sundarbans
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• Functional Characterization ofPsGPDin Drought Stress Response Using RNA-Seq Analysis of Transgenic Rice Plant
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Plant is frequently exposed to various abiotic stress. Salt stress is particularly an important abiotic stress that seriously affects plant growth and development. BrTSR53 gene, a putative stress-related gene isolated from Brassica rapa, was used to generate overexpression transgenic rice. The over-expression of BrTSR53 in BrTSR53-OX transgenic rice was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. To elucidate the role of BrTSR53 in stress tolerance, responses of BrTSR53-OX transgenic rice plants to salt stress conditions were examined. BrTSR53-OX #12, #28, and #32 lines were treated with salt stress on MS medium containing 100 mM or 200 mM of NaCl for 5 and 14 days. Morphological analysis revealed differences between the three transgenic BrTSR53-OX rice and the wild-type rice. The germination rates of the three transgenic BrTSR53-OX lines of rice were significantly higher than that of the wild type rice, indicating that they were more tolerant to 200 mM NaCl than the wild type rice. In addition, the three transgenic BrTSR53-OX rice lines had significantly longer length of root and shoot compared to the wild type rice. These results suggest that the BrTSR53 gene played an important role in the tolerance of rice to salt stress. Therefore, it might be a potential target for the purpose of improving salt tolerance of rice and other crops.

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  Shayani Das Laha, Smritikana Dutta, Anton R. Schäffner, Malay Das
  Journal of Plant Physiology.2020; 255: 153293.     CrossRef
• A Novel Variation in the FRIZZLE PANICLE (FZP) Gene Promoter Improves Grain Number and Yield in Rice
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• Cloning and heterologous expression of Os-AP2/ERF-N22 drought inducible rice transcription factor in E. coli
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• National Program for Developing Biotech Crops in Korea
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