Hybridization studies and reciprocal crosses were carried out on
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The aim of the research is to investigate collective samples of barley of various ecological-geographical origination, to select donors with a high percentage of protein per grain, and to breed new varieties and hybrids with the use of various selection and genetics methods. The amount of protein per grain was determined by the Kjeldahl method, while levels of starch were indicated by the polarimetry method. The combinational capability of donors was evaluated with the use of top crossing interbreeding. Combinative mutability was evaluated under the external environment influence. An analysis of the current development and employment state of various parental form searches to cultivate high-protein kinds of barley, methods of selection through molecule marker usage, methods of hybridization, and biotechnical manipulation to achieve the desired result was conducted. Most suitable parental forms from collective materials were picked to acquire high protein per grain percentage kinds and hybrids, amongst them are Saule, Asem, Arna, Harmal, and Lignee-527 varieties. These donors are perspective varieties, that should be included in selective programs in Kazakhstan.
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Gene introgression that involves the transfer of favorable allelic diversity for broadening the genetic base of breeding materials is a powerful 'toolkit' for creating novel allelic combinations during plant sexual reproduction. It is a key factor playing an important role in plant breeding schemes by reintroducing genetic variation at selective sweeps or introgression of desirable traits required for the development of new varieties. Meiosis is a specialized cell division not only enables sexually reproducing organisms to reduce their genomic constituent by half, also provides indefinitely novel combinations of allelic diversity by reshuffling the parental genetic makeup. Crossing over that takes place during prophase-I facilitates the meiotically exchange of genetic materials between homolog pairs as well as their accurate segregations. It is tightly modulated and many intrinsic factors and extrinsic agents are associated with regulation of the process, however, the modulation of meiosis is possible. Although, advanced approaches such as CRIPR/Cas and Virus-Induced gene Silencing (VIGS) have opened new horizons for manipulation of meiotic recombination, distant hybridization could effectively influence the frequency and distribution of homologous (HR) and particularly homoeologous recombination (HeR). In this review, we provide a brief overview of the recent advances in the plant mechanisms for manipulation of HR and HeR employing distant hybridization.
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Interspecific hybridization creates new genetic variants. Embryo formation and subsequently fertile seed development are the indicators of successful interspecific hybridization. Often interspecific hybridization is limited due to variations in genome and ploidy levels. The technique of embryo rescue is commonly used in interspecific hybridization to facilitate the survival of embryos from abortion. The effectiveness of an embryo rescue program in the
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Squash (
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Plant breeders have accumulated hybrid effects to increase food production in order to counteract the loss of arable land. Hybrids may possess novel genetic potential to increase agricultural productivity; however, the relationships between genetic resources for optimizing crop productivity remain mostly unclear. In this study, we recorded heterosis effects of genetically inherited traits by reciprocal hybridization of the
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Synthetic
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Maize is a major staple food and source of income for over 90% of the population in South Sudan however, average yield is very low (0.5-0.9 t/ha). Little research has been done on maize improvement in the country and farmers mainly depend on local and unimproved cultivars. Identification and release of adapted and high yielding hybrids may elevate average maize yield (t/ha) among the resource-poor farmers in the country. Improved maize hybrids from the region have not been tested under South Sudanese environments.
Objective
s of the study were to: (i) determine genotype by environment interactions among some regional maize genotypes; (ii) estimate genetic components and heritability for yield performances; and (iii) identify high yielding maize hybrids adapted to agroecologies of South Sudan. At least 48 maize genotypes including elite hybrids and open-pollinated varieties (OPV) adapted across sub-Saharan Africa and two local cultivars collected from local farmers in South Sudan were evaluated across five locations within greenbelt and ironstone plateau agro-ecologies over three years (2013-2015). Experiments were set up in a 12 × 4 alpha lattice design with 2 replications. Standard agronomic practices were followed and data recorded on yield traits and resistance to major diseases. Across locations and years analysis revealed significant differences among genotypes due to genotype and genotype × environment interactions (
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Developing elite hybrid rice varieties is one important
objective
of rice breeding programs. Several genes related to male sterilities, restores, and pollinators have been identified through map-based gene cloning within natural variations of rice. These identified genes are good targets for introducing genetic traits in molecular breeding. This study was conducted to breed elite hybrid lines with major genes related to hybrid traits and disease/insect resistance in 240 genetic resources and F1 hybrid combinations of rice. Molecular markers were reset for three major hybrid genes (
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With the continual development of genetically modified (GM) crops, it has become necessary to develop detailed and effective molecular characterization methods to select candidate events from a large pool of transformation events. Relative to traditional molecular analysis methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot hybridization, next generation sequencing (NGS) technology for whole-genome sequencing of complex crop genomes had proven comparatively useful for in-depth molecular characterization. In this study, four transformation events, including one in
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The genus
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Male sterility is an important trait for crop breeding program based on heterosis. Recent advances in molecular researches have led to the identification of genes involved in plant reproductive development and understanding the molecular functions of rice male gametophyte including roles of phytohormones in reproduction process. Here, we review the genes required for key aspects of anther/pollen development and conventional methods for the production of hybrid seeds in rice. Finally, we discuss the molecular approaches for the generation of male-sterile lines through the regulation of phytohormonal biosynthesis in reproductive organs.
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