Hybridization studies and reciprocal crosses were carried out on Basella alba var alba and Basella alba var rubra morphotypes in the family Basellaceae collected from various locations in the southwestern part of Nigeria. This was done to ascertain the possibility of gene exchange between the morphotypes and to examine the performance of the F₁ hybrids produced in other to help in their genetic improvement. A total of 300 crosses were carried out between the Basella alba and Basella rubra morphotypes studied. From the Basella alba × Basella rubra 150 crosses, 19 individuals were raised out of which two did not grow beyond two leave stage. The hybrids had purple pigmentation. From the reciprocal 150 Basella rubra × Basella alba crosses, 21 hybrids were raised of which 3 failed to germinate beyond two leave stage and all the remaining had red pigmentation. The F₁ hybrids obtained from the crosses showed no significant difference with the parents in the vegetative and reproductive characters studied. The hybrids obtained were not significantly different irrespective of the choice of maternal parent as the red pigmentation was dominant. It was concluded that the hybrids showed no clear superiority compared with the parents except that it matured earlier under our environmental conditions.

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• Genetic diversity assessment of accessions of Basella alba var alba and Basella alba var rubra morphotypes using vegetative and reproductive trait
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Gene introgression that involves the transfer of favorable allelic diversity for broadening the genetic base of breeding materials is a powerful 'toolkit' for creating novel allelic combinations during plant sexual reproduction. It is a key factor playing an important role in plant breeding schemes by reintroducing genetic variation at selective sweeps or introgression of desirable traits required for the development of new varieties. Meiosis is a specialized cell division not only enables sexually reproducing organisms to reduce their genomic constituent by half, also provides indefinitely novel combinations of allelic diversity by reshuffling the parental genetic makeup. Crossing over that takes place during prophase-I facilitates the meiotically exchange of genetic materials between homolog pairs as well as their accurate segregations. It is tightly modulated and many intrinsic factors and extrinsic agents are associated with regulation of the process, however, the modulation of meiosis is possible. Although, advanced approaches such as CRIPR/Cas and Virus-Induced gene Silencing (VIGS) have opened new horizons for manipulation of meiotic recombination, distant hybridization could effectively influence the frequency and distribution of homologous (HR) and particularly homoeologous recombination (HeR). In this review, we provide a brief overview of the recent advances in the plant mechanisms for manipulation of HR and HeR employing distant hybridization.

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Interspecific hybridization creates new genetic variants. Embryo formation and subsequently fertile seed development are the indicators of successful interspecific hybridization. Often interspecific hybridization is limited due to variations in genome and ploidy levels. The technique of embryo rescue is commonly used in interspecific hybridization to facilitate the survival of embryos from abortion. The effectiveness of an embryo rescue program in the Brassica species depends on embryo age, embryo development stage and media composition. Embryo rescue protocol could be effectively utilized to solve some major problems of the oilseed Brassica growers including blackleg, clubroot and Alternaria disease resistance, salinity, and drought tolerance etc. This review article discusses the prospects of developing novel Brassica hybrid genotypes with desirable traits through embryo rescue.

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Perilla species (Lamiaceae) have been used as a resource for oilseeds and vegetables, and medicinal purposes. Cytogenetic studies based on chromosomal composition are essential to understand the basic genome structure of a species and to provide vital information for crop improvements. However, only a few studies have assessed the cytogenetic aspects of Perilla species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotypes using 5S and 45S rDNA probes were analyzed for the wild and cultivated species of Perilla: P. citriodora and P. frutescens. Chromosome complements were diploid in P. citriodora and allotetraploid in P. frutescens. The chromosome length ranged from 3.07 to 4.92 μm and 2.41 to 5.73 μm in the diploid and allotetraploid variants, respectively. The karyotypic formula was 2n = 12m + 8sm (2 satellites) for P. citriodora and 2n = 20m + 20sm (2 satellites) for P. frutescens. A pair of 5S signals was detected in the telomeric region of chromosome pair 7, while a pair of 45S rDNA signals was detected in the telomeric region extending through the satellite region of chromosome 2 of P. citriodora. However, two pairs of 5S signals were detected from the interstitial to the telomeric regions of chromosome 7 and 17, and a pair of 45S rDNA signals was located on the satellite region of chromosome 20 of P. frutescens. This result will provide useful information to develop a breeding program and to construct the chromosomal backbone for the ongoing genome sequence assembly project.

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With the continual development of genetically modified (GM) crops, it has become necessary to develop detailed and effective molecular characterization methods to select candidate events from a large pool of transformation events. Relative to traditional molecular analysis methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot hybridization, next generation sequencing (NGS) technology for whole-genome sequencing of complex crop genomes had proven comparatively useful for in-depth molecular characterization. In this study, four transformation events, including one in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-resistant rice, one in resveratrol-producing rice, and two in beta-carotene-enhanced soybeans, were selected for molecular characterization. To merge NGS analysis and Southern blot-hybridization results, we confirmed the transgene insertion sites, insertion construction, and insertion numbers of these four transformation events. In addition, the read-coverage depth assessed by NGS analysis for inserted genes might provide consistent results in terms of inserted T-DNA numbers in case of complex insertion structures and highly duplicated donor genomes; however, PCR-based methods can produce incorrect conclusions. Our combined method provides an effective and complete analytical approach for whole-genome visual inspection of transformation events that require biosafety assessment.

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The genus Brassica is an important resource for major agricultural products such as oils, vegetable and fodder. The Brassiceae tribe-specific whole-genome triplication that occurred ~15.9 million years ago influenced the speciation and morphological diversification that has been exploited in agriculture, making Brassica an excellent model system for studying polyploidization-mediated evolution. Genome sequencing and comparative genome analysis have revealed conserved structures and uncovered the genome evolution of Brassica species. While chromosome shuffling and asymmetric subgenome gene retention are widely reported in Brassica species, limited information is available about the dynamics of repetitive elements (REs), which are central to epigenetic mechanisms and thus play a pivotal role in plant genome adaptation and evolution. The assembled reference genome sequences of B. rapa (AA) and B. oleracea (CC), and their derived allotetraploid, B. napus (AACC), cover 58%, 86%, and 75% of their respective estimated genome sizes. The remaining non-assembled genome portions vary between these three genome sequences, and the major components remain hidden in each genome. Here, we review the dynamics of the major Brassica repeats that have played roles in speciation of the AA, CC, and AACC genomes. We show that 10 major Brassica repeats appear to occupy more than 50% of each respective unassembled genome sequence, yet represent less than 1% of assembled reference genome sequences. We have estimated their genome proportions using whole-genome Illumina reads and cytogenetic analyses in an attempt to understand the role of these repeats in genome evolution.

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