Induced defense responses are regulated through a network of signal transduction pathways. Major signal transduction pathways in plants include salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling pathways. In this study, we attempted to identify potential resistance mechanisms/pathways in Vitis flexuosa and the interaction between resistance and resistance related genes of V. flexuosa and several pathogens. To accomplish this, we investigated transcriptional expression of genes in the SA- and JA-mediated pathway and in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in V. flexuosa that had been infected by Elsinoë ampelina, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Erysiphe necator, and Rhizobium vitis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that R and R-related genes in V. flexuosa induced defense responses through expression of genes in SA-pathway rather than in the JA-pathway, and R-related genes were more closely correlated with lignin and phytoalexin biosynthesis than anthocyanin biosynthesis against different pathogen infections in V. flexuosa. Specifically, genes such as VfRLK586, VfRLK2422, VfRLK5099, VfRLK29610, VfRLK55257, VfRPS5-like4135, VfRPS5-like4832, VfRPS5-like20585, VfRPS5-like55532, VfEDL2, VfEDL3, VfCXE5585, VfCXE12827, and VfCXE13132 showed close correlation with induction of genes in the SA-mediated pathway, lignin, phytoalexin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Genes including VfRLK2422, VfRLK5099, VfRLK29610, VfRPS5-like55532, VfEDL3, and VfCXE12827 were also correlated with the JA-mediated signaling pathway in induction of defense responses.

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Transcription factors are the regulatory proteins which activate or repress their target genes. We isolated homeodomain-leucine zipper III (PagHD-ZIP III_1) gene, a plant-specific transcription factor known to play crucial roles in plant development, from poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa). The PagHD-ZIP III_1 is 2,723 base pairs long and encodes a putative 838 amino acid protein with an expected molecular mass of 92.3 kDa. The PagHD-ZIP III_1 protein has four conserved regions including HD, bZIP, START and MEKHLA. Southern blot analysis indicated that PagHD-ZIP III_1 belong to a small gene family in the poplar genome. PagHD-ZIP III_1 is expressed highly in the stem. Moreover, the expression of PagHD-ZIP III_1 is induced by salt, cold, wounding and a plant hormone JA. Our results indicate that PagHD-ZIP III_1 is involved in abiotic stress response and hormonal signaling in poplar.

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