Biochemical changes of CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic rice seed during germination in heavy metal stress condition were studied. Transgenic lines, L-8 (single copy) and L-23 (two copy), along with WT were evaluated under metal stress conditions. All the plants were treated with different metals and their two selected concentration. Final germination rate, changes in amylase activity, total protein, reducing and total sugar was observed in all treated and control samples. Metal stress showed considerable impact on final germination rate in CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic rice seed. Application of lead salt showed 100% germination in L-23 compared to Zn and Cu. However, maximum germination rate was recorded in L-23 seed when it was treated with 4 mM PbCl₂ and 0.5 mM CuCl₂ compared to WT. Amylase activity and total reducing sugar was increased in transgenic rice seed treated with 2 mM and 4 mM PbCl₂ as compared to WT. L-23 showed substantial increase in amylase activity and total reducing sugar compared to L-8 and WT. However, transgenic seeds treated with Zn and Cu showed substantial decreased in amylase activity and total reducing sugar with few exceptions. L-23 performed well regarding amylase activity and total reducing sugars in metal stress condition particularly in Pb as compared to Cu and Zn. CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic seed germination and their carbohydrate metabolism under metal stress condition were discussed. It was evident from the data that PbCl₂ showed better germination rate due to enhance amylase activity and carbohydrate mobilization of CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic seed as compared to Cu and Zn.

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Plant is frequently exposed to various abiotic stress. Salt stress is particularly an important abiotic stress that seriously affects plant growth and development. BrTSR53 gene, a putative stress-related gene isolated from Brassica rapa, was used to generate overexpression transgenic rice. The over-expression of BrTSR53 in BrTSR53-OX transgenic rice was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. To elucidate the role of BrTSR53 in stress tolerance, responses of BrTSR53-OX transgenic rice plants to salt stress conditions were examined. BrTSR53-OX #12, #28, and #32 lines were treated with salt stress on MS medium containing 100 mM or 200 mM of NaCl for 5 and 14 days. Morphological analysis revealed differences between the three transgenic BrTSR53-OX rice and the wild-type rice. The germination rates of the three transgenic BrTSR53-OX lines of rice were significantly higher than that of the wild type rice, indicating that they were more tolerant to 200 mM NaCl than the wild type rice. In addition, the three transgenic BrTSR53-OX rice lines had significantly longer length of root and shoot compared to the wild type rice. These results suggest that the BrTSR53 gene played an important role in the tolerance of rice to salt stress. Therefore, it might be a potential target for the purpose of improving salt tolerance of rice and other crops.

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