Elaeis guineensis is a tropical oil plant with the highest oil yield per unit area in the world. The Tenera hybrid is the most valuable variety for cultivation compared to the parent varieties Dura and Pisifera. It is difficult to select for the morphological characteristics of the oil palm cultivar in oil palm seedlings at the nursery stage; thus, the development of a molecular marker is necessary. In the present study, a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was developed that yields 159-bp and 195-bp fragments specific for female and male parents, respectively. Sequence alignment revealed that the 159-bp fragment has a 36-bp deletion. Molecular characterization of the fragments reveals that the sequence is identical to the ALBINO3-like protein 2 (EgALB3.2) and is localized on chromosome 16 of the E. guineensis genome with expression noted in the kernel/endosperm of Tenera fruits only. These markers help in the selection of oil palm hybrids codominantly expressing both fragments; thus, heterozygous individuals can be distinguished from homozygous individuals. The SCAR-specific marker could therefore be used to distinguish oil palm hybrids from their parents by PCR. Moreover, these specific SCAR primers can be used directly to identify the oil palm hybrids without the need for postprocessing steps, and the specific fragments can be detected using an automated sequencer and real-time PCR. This marker-assisted selection is sensitive and suitable for the identification of oil palms in breeding programs.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is grown worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions and primarily used as a spice and medicinal plant. Despite the economic importance of ginger, research on its molecular aspects is limited. Moreover, although ginger is mainly cultivated through vegetative propagation owing to poor flowering and infertility, few molecular markers have been identified to distinguish cultivars. In this research, we developed five Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers that can distinguish between the “Bongdong” ginger (Bg) cultivar, indigenous to South Korea, and the Chinese imported ginger (Cg) cultivar through reference sequencing based on the recently reported complete genome information of ginger. Furthermore, the integrated application of the five CAPS markers allow us to distinguish between Bg, Cg, and Indonesian ginger. Among them, the ClaI-based CAPS marker was identified as specific to Bg cultivars. Therefore, TaqMan real-time PCR based on ClaI-based CAPS can be widely used to distinguish between Bg and Cg cultivars. This study is the first to report the development of genome-based single-nucleotide polymorphism markers in ginger and therefore provides important information for the breeding and conservation of ginger.

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Induced defense responses are regulated through a network of signal transduction pathways. Major signal transduction pathways in plants include salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling pathways. In this study, we attempted to identify potential resistance mechanisms/pathways in Vitis flexuosa and the interaction between resistance and resistance related genes of V. flexuosa and several pathogens. To accomplish this, we investigated transcriptional expression of genes in the SA- and JA-mediated pathway and in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in V. flexuosa that had been infected by Elsinoë ampelina, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Erysiphe necator, and Rhizobium vitis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that R and R-related genes in V. flexuosa induced defense responses through expression of genes in SA-pathway rather than in the JA-pathway, and R-related genes were more closely correlated with lignin and phytoalexin biosynthesis than anthocyanin biosynthesis against different pathogen infections in V. flexuosa. Specifically, genes such as VfRLK586, VfRLK2422, VfRLK5099, VfRLK29610, VfRLK55257, VfRPS5-like4135, VfRPS5-like4832, VfRPS5-like20585, VfRPS5-like55532, VfEDL2, VfEDL3, VfCXE5585, VfCXE12827, and VfCXE13132 showed close correlation with induction of genes in the SA-mediated pathway, lignin, phytoalexin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Genes including VfRLK2422, VfRLK5099, VfRLK29610, VfRPS5-like55532, VfEDL3, and VfCXE12827 were also correlated with the JA-mediated signaling pathway in induction of defense responses.

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