Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and yield. Conventional breeding is a very effective method to develop tolerant rice variety; however, it takes a decade long to establish a new rice variety. DNA-based markers have a huge potential to improve the efficiency and precision of conventional plant breeding via marker-assisted selection (MAS). The large number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping studies for rice has provided an abundance of DNA marker-trait associations. The limitations of conventional breeding such as linkage drag and lengthy time consumption can be overcome by utilizing DNA markers in plant breeding. The major applications of DNA markers such as MAS, QTL mapping and gene pyramiding have been surveyed. In this review, we presented the latest markers available for some of the most important abiotic and biotic stresses in rice breeding programs. Achieving a significant impact on crop improvement by marker assisted breeding (MAB) represents the great challenge for agricultural scientists in the next few decades.

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This study examined the genetic variation of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) contents in blackish-purple rice. F₂ populations were established from crosses between blackish purple rice and normal white rice. The blackish rice cultivars used were Jilinheimi, Heidao38, LK1A-2-12-1-1, Heugjinju, and No2, and the common white rice cultivars used were Hwachung super giant embryo and Heugbal. The purple pericarp color is known to be controlled by a set of dominant alleles, Pb(Prp-b) and Pp(Prp-a). In this study, the segregation of the black purple:brown:white pericarp in the F₂ population was 9:3:4, demonstrating that the purple pericarp color was controlled by two dominant complementary genes. The F₂ distribution of C3G showed continuous variation, with a tendency toward a lower level in all the crosses. However, some F₂ crosses, such as Jilinheimi/Heidao38 and Jilinheimi/LK1A-2-12-1-1, showed transgressive segregation of the C3G content. C3G content of Jilinheimi linked on 84% level in C3G content of F₂ population between Jilinheimi/Heidao38, and 41.3% level in Jilinheimi/LK1A-2-12-1-1. The results of the color difference meter and C3G content analysed by HPLC revealed highly significant correlations between the seed coat color of the colored rice germplasm and that of the segregated populations. There was a significant positive correlation between the C3G content with L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness). The a* (redness) was different in each cross, but there was a significant positive correlation between the C3G content with L* and b*.

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