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Review Article

Visiting Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) from a Breeding Perspective: A Review

Hari Kesh1, Prashant Kaushik2,*
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2020;8(3):211-225.
Published online: September 1, 2020

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*Corresponding author Prashant Kaushik, prakau@doctor.upv.es, Tel: +34-963-877-244, Fax: +34-963-877-000
• Received: March 31, 2020   • Revised: May 24, 2020   • Accepted: July 15, 2020

Copyright © 2020 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Advances in melon (Cucumis melo L.) breeding: An update
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Visiting Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) from a Breeding Perspective: A Review
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2020;8(3):211-225.   Published online September 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2020.8.3.211
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Visiting Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) from a Breeding Perspective: A Review
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2020;8(3):211-225.   Published online September 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2020.8.3.211
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Visiting Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) from a Breeding Perspective: A Review
Visiting Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) from a Breeding Perspective: A Review

Review of literature on magnitude of heterosis (%) over the mid parent, and better parent values for yields and its component traits in bitter gourd.

Characters Mid parent Better parent References
Vine length 1.66 to 23.37 Sirohi and Choudhary (1978)
2.10 to 22.30 Singh and Joshi (1980)
4.26 to 57.81 Chaudhari and Kale (1991b)
0.99 to 20.98 1.41 to 4.21 Munshi and Sirohi (1993)
‒8.31 to 29.81 ‒24.51 to 2.20 Yadav et al. (2009)
‒42.56 to 111.74 ‒45.10 to 49.08 Talukdar et al. (2010)
‒6.00 to 15.90 Behera et al. (2009)
‒34.60 to 30.72 Talekar et al. (2013)
‒32.57 to 57.48 Verma and Singh (2014)
Number of primary branches/vine 7.80 to 37.00 Singh and Joshi (1980)
3.30 to 25.85 Singh et al. (1997)
‒30.46 to 251.77 ‒11.21 to 293.65 Yadav et al. (2009)
‒26.23 to 13.70 Talekar et al. (2013)
‒47.37 to 182.35 ‒50.00 to 140.00 Talukdar et al. (2010)
Internodal length ‒21.92 to 20.66 ‒34.34 to 16.44 Yadav et al. (2009)
‒21.13 to 20.00 Talekar et al. (2013)
‒39.31 to 22.36 ‒42.53 to 19.16 Talukdar et al. (2010)
Days to opening of the first male flower ‒8.29 to ‒26.8 Singh et al. (2000)
‒1.09 to 12.09 ‒7.43 to 8.51 Yadav et al. (2009)
‒27.22 to 9.80 ‒29.79 to 7.33 Talukdar et al. (2010)
‒17.83 to 10.64 Talekar et al. (2013)
Days to opening of the first female flower 54.00 to 66.00 Lawande and Patil (1989)
‒15.72 to 7.48 Ram et al. (1997)
‒0.12 to ‒6.50 Singh et al. (2001)
‒0.22 to ‒29.51 Kandasamy (2015)
‒17.65 to 3.08 ‒23.00 to ‒2.22 Yadav et al. (2009)
‒19.34 to 14.47 Talekar et al. (2013)
‒18.46 to 10.77 ‒23.89 to 3.94 Talukdar et al. (2010)
‒9.17 to 34.86 Verma and Singh (2014)
Days to first fruit harvest ‒0.42 to 15.06 Sing et al. (1997)
‒6.19 to ‒22.20 Singh et al. (2000)
Chaubey and Ram (2004)
‒26.82 to ‒17.90 Behera et al. (2009)
‒1.4 to ‒26.3 Al-Mamun et al. (2015)
‒17.27 to 11.20 Talekar et al. (2013)
‒11.91 to 4.66 ‒16.42 to ‒0.14 Talukdar et al. (2010)
‒19.80 to 3.60 Dey et al. (2010)
‒19.33 to 7.69 Verma and Singh (2014)
Number of fruits per plant 0.86 to 44.44 0.39 to 35.02 Munshi and Sirohi (1993)
‒66.67 to 30.61 Ram et al. (1997)
0.0 to 104.7 Al-Mamun et al. (2015)
‒32.23 to 22.99 Talekar et al. (2013)
74.12 to 100.23 Dey et al. (2010)
39.86 to 32.43 Verma and Singh (2014)
Fruit length 0.90 to 17.75 Khattra et al. (1994)
1.40 to 25.46 Singh et al. (2001)
31.27 to 37.00 Behera et al. (2009)
‒37.7 to 6.8 Al-Mamun et al. (2015)
1.43 to 39.79 Kandasamy (2015)
‒37.57 to 4.87 ‒30.95 to 20.76 Yadav et al. (2009)
‒18.17 to 15.01 ‒20.24 to 12.38 Talukdar et al. (2010)
‒38.08 to 39.11 Talekar et al. (2013)
4.65 to 13.80 Dey et al. (2010)
29.72 to 17.99 Verma and Singh (2014)
Fruit diameter ‒11.7 to 13.4 Al-Mamun et al. (2015)
1.07 to 25.34 Kandasamy (2015)
20.90 to 37.60 Behera et al. (2009)
‒24.19 to 23.88 ‒22.73 to 39.53 Yadav et al. (2009)
2.30 to 10.50 Dey et al. (2010)
‒5.58 to 7.09 ‒8.37 to 4.95 Talukdar et al. (2010)
‒36.57 to 41.08 Verma and Singh (2014)
Fruit weight 5.00 to 14.50 Dey et al. (2010)
‒18.60 to 9.38 Verma and Singh (2014)
26.75 to 46.38 Behera et al. (2009)
‒10.41 to 29.97 ‒29.17 to 28.67 Talukdar et al. (2010)
Flesh thickness Ranpise et al. (1992)
6.13 to 16.26 1.47 to 6.27 Celine and Sirohi (1996)
‒17.11 to 29.66 ‒25.19 to 26.87 Mallikarjunarao et al. (2018)
Fruit yield per plant 4.35 to 64.28 Khattra et al. (1994)
19.7 to 102.0 Al-Mamun et al. (2015)
132.00 to 142.20 Behera et al. (2009)
‒8.35 to 113.01 ‒22.80 to 94.25 Talukdar et al. (2010)
0.38 to 60.38 Kandasamy (2015)
‒34.75 to 23.10 ‒10.29 to 58.51 Yadav et al. (2009)
‒30.22 to 136.43 ‒43.64 to 98.75 Mallikarjunarao et al. (2018)
‒58.96 to 51.14 Talekar et al. (2013)
38.22 to 97.49 Dey et al. (2010)
‒39.41 to 35.23 Verma and Singh (2014)
Vitamin C content (mg/100 g) ‒11.60 to 29.03 ‒16.15 to 24.75 Mallikarjunarao et al. (2018)
‒33.33 to 18.52 Kumar and Pathak (2018)
Iron content (mg/100 g) ‒23.43 to 52.34 ‒34.62 to 36.97 Mallikarjunarao et al. (2018)
TSS (°Bri×) ‒23.50 to 27.37 ‒34.44 to 20.18 Mallikarjunarao et al. (2018)
Carotene content (mg/100 g) ‒79.61 to 52.92 Kumar and Pathak (2018)
Total sugar (g/100 g) ‒57.73 to 81.13 Kumar and Pathak (2018)
Reducing sugar (g/100 g) ‒59.07 to 79.77 Kumar and Pathak (2018)

Crossability percentage among interspecific crosses in bitter gourd.

Inter-specific combinations % crossability References
M. charantia var. charantia × M. charntia var. muricata 100% Hassena and Suhara (2012)
M. charntia var. muricata × M. charantia var. charantia 88.89%
M. charantia var. charantia × M. charntia var. muricata 97% Bharathi et al. (2012)
M. charntia var. muricata × M. charantia var. charantia 85%
M. charntia var. muricata × M. balsamina 6%
M. dioca × M. sahyadrica 75%
M. dioca × M. subangulata subsp. renigera 53%
M. dioca × M. cochinchinensis 60%
M. subangulata subsp. renigera × M. dioca 65%
M. subangulata subsp. renigera × M. sahyadrica 84%
M. subangulata subsp. renigera × M. cochinchinensis 2%
M. sahyadrica × M. subangulata subsp. renigera 50%
M. sahyadrica × M. dioca 81%
M. sahyadrica × M. cochinchinensis 65%
M. cochinchinensis × M. subangulata subsp. renigera 5%
M. charantia var. charantia × M. charntia var. muricata 90.98% Rathod et al. (2019)
M. charntia var. muricata × M. charantia var. charantia 84.43%

List of QTLs identified for important traits in bitter gourd.

Traits Number of QTLs Linkage group References
Fruit colour 1 LG 7 Kole et al. (2012)
Seed colour 2 LG 3
Fruit length 2 LG 2 and LG 7
Fruit diameter 1 LG 1
Fruit weight 1 LG 1
Fruit number 4 LG 1, LG 2 and LG 5
Fruit yield 4 LG 1, LG 2 and LG 3
Sex ratio (male:female) 9 LG 9, LG 13, LG 14 and LG 16 Gangadhara Rao et al. (2018)
Days to first pistillate flower appearance 8 LG 3, LG 5, LG 14 and LG 16
The node at first pistillate flower appearance 5 LG 5, LG 9 and LG 14
Gynoecy 1 LG 12
Female flower ratios 3 LG 4, LG 5 and LG 9 Wang and Xiang (2013)
First female flower node 3 LG 4, LG 5 and LG 9
Fruit length 4 LG 1, LG 2, LG 5 and LG 9
Fruit diameter 5 LG 1, LG 9 and LG 11
Flesh thickness 2 LG 1
Fruit shape 5 LG 4, LG 5, LG 9 and LG 11
Fruit pedicel length 3 LG 4, LG 8 and LG 9
Fruit pedicel length ratios 5 LG 4, LG 6 and LG 8
Fruit weight 4 LG 4, LG 5, LG 6 and LG 12
Fruit numbers per plant 3 LG 1 and LG 5
Yield per plant 2 LG 5 and LG 9
Stem diameter 2 LG 2 and LG 4
Internode length 2 LG 2 and LG 5
Gynoecy 2 MC01 Cui et al. (2018)
First female flower node 2 MC01
Female flower number 2 MC01
Fruit wart 1 MC04
Width of ridge 1 MC10
Hue angle 1 MC10
Lightness variable 1 MC10
Bitterness 3 LG 3 and LG 4 Shang et al. (2020)
Table 1 Review of literature on magnitude of heterosis (%) over the mid parent, and better parent values for yields and its component traits in bitter gourd.
Table 2 Crossability percentage among interspecific crosses in bitter gourd.
Table 3 List of QTLs identified for important traits in bitter gourd.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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