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Research Article

Morphological Variation in Normal Maize Landrace Accessions Collected from South Sudan

Emmanuel Andrea Mathiang1, Kyu Jin Sa1, Hyeon Park1,2, So Jung Jang1,2, Ju Kyong Lee1,2,*
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2023;11(1):15-24.
Published online: March 1, 2023

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*Corresponding author Ju Kyong Lee, jukyonglee@kangwon.ac.kr, Tel: +82-33-250-6415, Fax: +82-33-259-5558
• Received: January 10, 2023   • Revised: February 13, 2023   • Accepted: February 14, 2023

Copyright © 2023 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Uncovering microsatellite markers associated with agronomic traits of South Sudan landrace maize
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Morphological Variation in Normal Maize Landrace Accessions Collected from South Sudan
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2023;11(1):15-24.   Published online March 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2023.11.1.15
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Morphological Variation in Normal Maize Landrace Accessions Collected from South Sudan
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2023;11(1):15-24.   Published online March 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2023.11.1.15
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Morphological Variation in Normal Maize Landrace Accessions Collected from South Sudan
Image Image
Fig. 1 Map of South Sudan showing collection sites of 31 maize landrace accessions (refer to Table 1 for accession numbers and remainder of the summary).
Fig. 2 Scatter diagram of 31 maize landrace accessions based on first and second principal components. ◇: Southern region accessions, ▲: Central region accessions, ●: Northern region accessions.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Morphological Variation in Normal Maize Landrace Accessions Collected from South Sudan

Summary of 31 maize landrace accessions of South Sudan used for morphological analysis.

Regions No. Abbr. State, County, Payam or Village Country Type
Southern accession 1 BO1 Gonglei, Bor South Sudan Landrace
2 BO2 Gonglei, Bor South Sudan Landrace
3 BO3 Gonglei, Bor South Sudan Landrace
4 GO1 Central Equatoria, Gondokoro South Sudan Landrace
5 GO2 Central Equatoria, Gondokoro South Sudan Landrace
6 GO3 Central Equatoria, Gondokoro South Sudan Landrace
7 GO4 Central Equatoria, Gondokoro South Sudan Landrace
8 YA Western Equatoria, Yambio South Sudan Landrace
9 RJ1 Central Equatoria, Rajaf county South Sudan Landrace
10 RJ2 Central Equatoria, Rajaf county South Sudan Landrace
11 RJ3 Central Equatoria, Rajaf county South Sudan Landrace
12 RJ4 Central Equatoria, Rajaf county South Sudan Landrace
13 TO Torit, Eastern Equatoria South Sudan Landrace
14 MN1 Eastern Equatoria, Mangala South Sudan Landrace
15 MN2 Eastern Equatoria, Mangala South Sudan Landrace
16 MN3 Eastern Equatoria, Mangala South Sudan Landrace
17 MA Eastern Equatoria, Magwi South Sudan Landrace
Central accession 18 MD1 Lakes State, Madhok South Sudan Landrace
19 MD2 Lakes State, Malok South Sudan Landrace
20 AR Lakes State, Karic South Sudan Landrace
21 AD1 Lakes State, Adull South Sudan Landrace
22 AD2 Lakes State, Kolniet South Sudan Landrace
23 KO Warrap State, Kuajok South Sudan Landrace
24 TO Warrap State, Tonj South Sudan Landrace
Northern accession 25 RE Upper Nile, Renk　 South Sudan Landrace
26 BE Unity State, Bentiu　 South Sudan Landrace
27 AW Northern bahr el-ghazal, Awil South Sudan Landrace
28 YD1 Ruweng Administrative Area, Yida South Sudan Landrace
29 YD2 Ruweng Admistrative Area, Yida South Sudan Landrace
30 RA Western bahr el-ghazal, Raja South Sudan Landrace
31 WA Western bahr el-ghazal, Wau South Sudan Landrace

Morphological characteristics used in morphological variation analysis of maize landrace accessions.

Code Morphological characters Category Time of detecting Methods of detecting
QN1 Days of tasseling (DT) days Flowering stage Days from seedling to tasseling
QN2 Days of silking (DS) days Flowering stage Days from seedling to silking
QN3 Plant height (PH) cm Flowering stage Length from the ground surface to under corn tassel
QN4 Ear height (EH) cm Flowering stage Length from the surface to the second kernel
QN5 Stem width (SW) cm Flowering stage Stem width near the kernel
QN6 Leaf length (LL) cm Flowering stage Length of the leave near the kernel
QN7 Leaf width (LW) cm Flowering stage Leafe width near the kernel

Morphological characteristics of 7 quantitative characteristics among 31 maize landrace accessions of 3 regions of South Sudan.

Code Morphological Characters Region Category/Unit Mean ± SD Min 　 Max
Values Genotype 　 Values Genotype
QN1 Days of tasseling (DT) SA Days 83.0 ± 6.24 76 MN1 97 GO1
CA - 91.9 ± 9.06 80 AD2 99 AR
NA - 83.6 ± 4.22 79 AW 89 AW
QN2 Days of silking (DS) SA Days 86.1 ± 6.89 78 MN1 101 GO1
CA - 93.1 ± 10.3 79 AD2 101 AR
NA - 82.3 ± 4.26 78 WA 90 RE
QN3 Plant height (PH) SA cm 253.7 ± 34.7 210 GO3 350 TR
CA - 252.6 ± 19.8 214 MD1 273 AR
NA - 266.6 ± 12.8 250 RE 281 BE
QN4 Ear height (EH) SA cm 137.6 ± 30.9 96 GO3 225 TR
CA - 141.3 ± 21.0 103 MD1 170 KO
NA - 156.5 ± 16.2 134 WA 176 YD2
QN5 Stem width (SW) SA cm 3.0 ± 0.86 2.1 GO4 5.4 RJ2
CA - 3.5 ± 0.73 2.5 MD1 4.4 AD1
NA - 3.8 ± 0.85 2.8 RE 5.4 YD1
QN6 Leaf length (LL) SA cm 98.6 ± 12.6 66.5 BO1 120 TR
CA - 96.3 ± 4.85 89.3 AD2 103 TO
NA - 107.1 ± 12.9 94.3 YD1 131 WA
QN7 Leaf width (LW) SA cm 9.7 ± 1.08 7.3 RJ3 11.7 GO1
CA - 10.2 ± 1.64 7.2 AD2 11.8 KO
NA - 10.5 ± 1.06 8.5 RE 　 12 AW

Pearson correlation coefficient for 7 quantitative characteristics in 31 maize landrace accessions of South Sudan.

Morphological characters QN1 QN2 QN3 QN4 QN5 QN6 QN7
QN1 0.960** 0.120 0.044 ‒0.09 0.119 0.036
QN2 0.127 0.015 ‒0.166 0.091 ‒0.003
QN3 0.767** 0.518** 0.373* 0.440*
QN4 0.564** 0.496** 0.401*
QN5 0.403* 0.324
QN6 　 0.238

Cumulative variances of first and second principal components and loadings of 7 quantitative cha-racteristics on each principal component.

Code Morphological characteristics Eigenvectors
1 2
QN4 Ear height (EH) 0.88 ‒0.077
QN3 Plant height (PH) 0.855 0.03
QN5 Stem width (SW) 0.732 ‒0.278
QN6 Leaf length (LL) 0.654 0.051
QN7 Leaf width (LW) 0.603 0.051
QN1 Days of tasseling (DT) 0.149 0.971
QN2 Days of silking (DS) 0.108 0.984
Table 1 Summary of 31 maize landrace accessions of South Sudan used for morphological analysis.
Table 2 Morphological characteristics used in morphological variation analysis of maize landrace accessions.
Table 3 Morphological characteristics of 7 quantitative characteristics among 31 maize landrace accessions of 3 regions of South Sudan.

SA: southern region accessions, CA: central region accessions, NA: northern region accessions.

Table 4 Pearson correlation coefficient for 7 quantitative characteristics in 31 maize landrace accessions of South Sudan.

**Significance at P < 0.01, *Significance at P < 0.05.

Table 5 Cumulative variances of first and second principal components and loadings of 7 quantitative cha-racteristics on each principal component.

Cumulative variance (%)

40.9

28.6

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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