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Original Article

Seedling Stage Image-Based Phenotyping Selection Criteria through Tolerance Indices on Drought and Salinity Stress in Rice

Andi Isti Sakinah1, Muh Farid2,*, Yunus Musa2, Aris Hairmansis3, Muhammad Fuad Anshori2
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2024;12:43-58.
Published online: March 14, 2024

1Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, IndonesiaJFIFddDuckydqhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ Adobed     ! 1AQa"q 2#w8B36v7XRr$9bCt%u&Ws'(xy4T5fH  !1AQaq"2B Rbr#u67Ѳ3sTt5v8Sc$4ĂCÔ%UӅFV ?_Aנj- H>>,m*>fzp"TrKkr^r.|_&]|*vPuܶvoQ1mwVJUhu-I"=LniAƕ8"۲ k*ҿ[yu:.vUQ+)%F DHyVBk>Hy8jݹ q~9D4KRmzQ)^ʔ.J%k_tVi5NTjg!'ky|5asOȻ)R۸ߩFMԿ3L4j6dڜ#NIwUF]JqB/(FafJRzq3\G՛ ?~\ 6)6W4m[O^L0E&rRMض*C .]Unl-1 1r#Rj/&QɈ׉˩s6Rj=5Tg.y.·Pӡ:JJS:C8-2u]d&vUz;7p9 5VnL֢"y)">iי(IDDd| Yj0; LRfS:ktYK%*N2^m|&dğth":ey)uPQZW)gcC3Pv&MMWd&Ŵ۲mvTRoժM03*F3Yd6\8,\hݻ kߔi<k NTwSԪmljj[>->ptU%'LR>&EBH$MQAUx[$Z6vi&_a.KIQ{hyƒ j"JOC9eFҝfj;˚Ω<[3_m% lQ@4g=5$(J]Yc-OMq<Ǎ wSzڗ)k$7VIP붾ͯnV+卵*t]iЎD31~SA1éC2u)ʼnQn-Uoi3:grI8ؓWm*G zܕ)ZקJ}Y YlGeJ6cB2I NS3Q>k=KTBT]W6+SOXQgGR? telˊ%-Re\hѯ2TF"C/OJΩ6r[N.0{SpljjX1“jOsӥ;ҭhe}xu`Ք&.)yO̒ Fߑ.$Qw;9Iw2o+RVJMSOj[SoҌZ%;`d$blQ{Ro{Imڌ>3egf\O֝Uzx"䢸g+mv%Gʆ:|V[N'&ס-ޝ'kfE|K,G&˳98Juin/\\Qݿ̋v~Ǩ!rtWU d|E߫R4d}.qPw*Ӭv5YEcn~f5c%MTMkb-F>5JT,})QHg%{("ӔȸWMsYyWNRrkkJr0XドnͫT}r-jj,Ŕʍ\Q2Ri>v$5!]"JB2WɅ)]VԜUc8i|.jeRO6^V.¸ Q&#|ܶ-*uOG%JAtRZRr]FFG\۩w+?'zչSѧt jz>KW&ot{7P&2D;&\\>Q2JzܗAKSfeNn[jRrԕf6,q,F1tRfԗ>vֶևj-&R'Zi2=xv~Elbsvm8=ӛ"ū񕜈BȩlWau[]ٷBߨF~J!|Ipr3R̴#Yp)={7:G{+:\W}n|Q#%)7^-h"Ƒq:M*%J&$T軨I333׎g_- ucBwwjp[6i25$̏bU’ٱRv?G\~#Iͪb7<<}Ezt" q_Inw,7-d,G÷%T* Wg1"䥱kq/A.,_KhqŒxwvo u2ۥۧ.bQ}XκA$֣ +K״ZUNmڸII{.v{5z5ѮRme[moyƾd~cRݾK'j.\i&/S6f|b=5: p!6i_ 4j6=.si˧eƾtS^c.Y^RJVS-Vi3,esi08?H$GvZgg?gi䤟2adw릿:"۪lkSN>q-4kI܋ێe̊qۅgDoѨ9; #T.Q;7#~_Ufstb_'w~Xw1Xk,vcOt._}v}8"(4Z\ۘgk?J?bm_c!g{HZV]Fkk%~gEt)b秴vΰB|꽸}mp~E6ݹv;7P٤v+ri*3Ԣ|'O14_~7nP{7ZU\Vű[ +7󖱅o#:ǥŬ\|3r%TJX]V7ez¨Y]lc|O3V! 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2Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Jl. 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*Corresponding to Muh Farid E-mail. farid_deni@yahoo.co.id
• Received: November 13, 2023   • Revised: February 7, 2024   • Accepted: February 7, 2024

Copyright © 2024 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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Seedling Stage Image-Based Phenotyping Selection Criteria through Tolerance Indices on Drought and Salinity Stress in Rice
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2024;12:43-58.   Published online March 14, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2024.12.43
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Seedling Stage Image-Based Phenotyping Selection Criteria through Tolerance Indices on Drought and Salinity Stress in Rice
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2024;12:43-58.   Published online March 14, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2024.12.43
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Seedling Stage Image-Based Phenotyping Selection Criteria through Tolerance Indices on Drought and Salinity Stress in Rice
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Image-based phenotyping of rice varieties under stress treatment at 35 DAP in hydroponic.
Fig. 2 Principal component-based biplot analysis of STI morphometric traits of rice under drought (d), salinity (s), and drought-salinity (ds) stress. V1: Inpari 34, V2: Inpari 29, V3: IR29, V4: Ciherang, and V5: Jeliteng.
Fig. 3 Principal component-based biplot analysis of STI colorimetric traits of rice under drought (d), salinity (s), and drought-salinity (ds) stress. The direction and length of the vector represent trait contribution to the first 2 components of the PCA. V1: Inpari 34, V2: Inpari 29, V3: IR29, V4: Ciherang, and V5: Jeliteng.
Fig. 4 Pearson correlation matrix of image-based traits in drought, salinity, and drought-salinity stress. Color (blue-positive correlation; red-negative correlation) intensity and the circle size are proportional to the correlation coefficient.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Seedling Stage Image-Based Phenotyping Selection Criteria through Tolerance Indices on Drought and Salinity Stress in Rice

The description of the character groups in this study with their mathematical formulas.

Types Description Formula
Morphometric Traits
Area The area of a plant is denoted by the number of leaf pixels positioned above it per centimeter.
Convex hull The convex hull area denotes the smallest region bounded by an object's outer contour. The area of the convex hull was calculated using the pixel count per centimeter of the convex hull.
Bounding area The plant's bounding rectangle was the smallest rectangle that completely contained the plant. The value was determined by multiplying its width and height.
Compactness The object area divided by the convex hull area equals compactness. This can express plant density, including tillers and leaves.
Perimeter The measurement of the object's exterior boundary length.
Centermassy The Centre of mass Y shows the center of gravity of the y-axis.
Eccentricity Eccentricity is a mathematical parameter associated with the conic section. The value is specified between 0 and 1, with 0 representing a circle and 1 representing a line, to show the form of the plant.
PAR Perimeter Area Ratio Plant Perimeter/Total Projected Shoot Area
TBR Total plant area/bounding rectangle area ratio Total projected plant area/bounding rectangle area
Colorimetric Traits
VEG Vegetation Index g/((r0.667)xb0.333)
CIVE Color Index of Vegetation Extraction 0.441R-0.811G+0.385B+18.787
VARI Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (g-r)/(g+r-b)
RGBVI Red Green Blue Vegetation index (G2-RxB)/(G2+BxR)
MGRVI Modified Green Red Vegetation Index (G2-R2)/(G2+R2)
NDI Normalized Difference Index (R-G)/(G+R)
GLI Green Leaf Index (2xG-R-B)/(R+2xG+B)
NGRDI Normalized Green-Red Difference Index (G-R)/(G+R)
Additional Information of Colorimetric Traits Formula
R Digital number of red channels
G Digital number of green channels
B Digital number of blue channels
r Normalized red R/(R+G+B)
g Normalized green G/(R+G+B)
b Normalized blue B/(R+G+B)

Mean squares and heritability of rice characters under drought and salinity stress.

No Characters 31 DAP
Mean Square CV (%) Heritability
Variety Treatment V*T e
Morphometric traits
1 Area 16646.512** 66027.109** 2322.696** 706.950 25.030 88.257
2 Convex hull 386398.594** 1677417.279** 52635.995* 25487.068 25.970 82.518
3 Bounding area 1017435.328** 3519774.940** 135749.535* 60373.586 24.880 84.087
4 Compactness 0.021** 0.008** 0.002 0.001 21.690 82.500
5 Perimeter 26989.570** 127024.545** 6093.058** 2576.866 19.100 75.950
6 Centermassy 342.814** 715.973** 31.627** 13.213 15.800 89.264
7 Eccentricity 0.064** 0.076** 0.026* 0.013 14.450 57.770
8 PAR 0.181** 0.423** 0.014 0.012 24.920 82.664
9 TBR 0.009** 0.006** 0.001 0.001 21.910 85.000
Colorimetric traits
10 VEG 0.287** 0.426** 0.059 0.040 10.490 67.649
11 CIVE 0.009** 0.020** 0.002* 0.001 0.150 76.699
12 VARI 0.039** 0.104** 0.006* 0.003 23.190 80.405
13 RGBVI 0.036** 0.104** 0.007** 0.003 9.420 80.292
14 MGRVI 0.072** 0.202** 0.013** 0.005 21.190 80.999
15 NDI 0.023** 0.057** 0.004* 0.002 23.240 78.652
16 GLI 0.017** 0.042** 0.003* 0.001 12.660 79.104
17 NGRDI 0.039** 0.104** 0.006* 0.003 23.190 80.405

Stress tolerance index (STI) of morphometric characters for drought, salinity, and drought-salinity stress.

Treatment Variety Area Convexhull Bounding
Area		 Perimeter CentermassY
Drought V1 0.705mt 0.661mt 0.659mt 0.858mt 0.907mt
V2 0.920mt 0.905mt 0.976mt 1.002t 1.072t
V3 0.698mt 0.807mt 0.867mt 0.891mt 0.833mt
V4 0.773mt 0.847mt 0.917mt 0.922mt 0.967mt
V5 0.693mt 0.684mt 0.687mt 0.801mt 0.853mt
Salinity V1 0.741mt 0.743mt 0.729mt 0.778mt 1.010t
V2 0.886mt 0.900mt 0.904mt 0.982mt 0.939mt
V3 0.428mt 0.612mt 0.665mt 0.650mt 0.872mt
V4 0.777mt 0.895mt 0.922mt 0.946mt 1.050t
V5 0.666mt 0.701mt 0.736mt 0.762mt 0.887mt
Drought-Salinity V1 0.358s 0.361s 0.381s 0.548mt 0.629mt
V2 0.475s 0.497s 0.579mt 0.649mt 0.650mt
V3 0.266s 0.365s 0.378s 0.500mt 0.587mt
V4 0.398s 0.427s 0.465s 0.718mt 0.663mt
V5 0.471s 0.561mt 0.615mt 0.655mt 0.817mt

Analysis of the principal components of the morphometric traits.

Variables PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5
Area -0.4500 -0.2272 -0.5201 0.6652 0.1813
Convexhull -0.4581 0.0277 0.3518 0.1908 -0.7932
Bounding area -0.4515 -0.0298 0.6792 0.0586 0.575
Perimeter -0.4442 -0.5492 -0.2378 -0.6662 -0.0284
Centermassy -0.4319 0.8032 -0.2966 -0.2718 0.0806
Proportion of Variance 0.9365 0.0358 0.0187 0.0076 0.0014
Cumulative Proportion 0.9365 0.9723 0.991 0.9987 1

Stress tolerance index of colorimetric characters for drought, salinity, and drought-salinity stress.

Treatment Variety CIVE VARI RGBVI MGRVI NDI GLI NGRDI
Drought V1 1.000mt 0.924mt 1.014t 0.945mt 0.958mt 1.014t 0.924mt
V2 0.999t 1.083t 1.094t 1.100t 1.116t 1.110t 1.083t
V3 1.000mt 0.834mt 0.993mt 0.869mt 0.867mt 0.976mt 0.834mt
V4 0.999t 0.898mt 1.071t 0.951mt 0.945mt 1.055t 0.898mt
V5 1.000mt 0.801mt 0.987mt 0.848mt 0.843mt 0.970mt 0.801mt
Salinity V1 1.002mt 0.748mt 0.881mt 0.752mt 0.767mt 0.867mt 0.748mt
V2 1.002mt 0.711mt 0.881mt 0.726mt 0.723mt 0.851mt 0.711mt
V3 1.004mt 0.313s 0.708mt 0.307s 0.321s 0.636mt 0.313s
V4 1.002mt 0.651mt 0.885mt 0.677mt 0.669mt 0.842mt 0.651mt
V5 1.002mt 0.627mt 0.847mt 0.634mt 0.664mt 0.831mt 0.627mt
Drought-Salinity V1 1.001mt 0.747mt 0.924mt 0.779mt 0.779mt 0.904mt 0.747mt
V2 1.000mt 0.729mt 0.975mt 0.785mt 0.785mt 0.958mt 0.729mt
V3 1.002mt 0.583mt 0.852mt 0.627mt 0.620mt 0.816mt 0.583mt
V4 1.001mt 0.706mt 0.979mt 0.765mt 0.756mt 0.945mt 0.706mt
V5 1.001mt 0.759mt 0.922mt 0.780mt 0.786mt 0.907mt 0.759mt

Analysis of the principal components of the colorimetric traits.

Variables PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7
CIVE 0.3769 -0.4047 -0.7331 -0.0897 -0.3777 -0.0777 0
VARI -0.3775 -0.4109 0.1137 0.3125 -0.189 -0.2057 0.7071
RGBVI -0.3739 0.5413 -0.4615 0.4741 -0.2273 0.2788 0
MGRVI -0.3807 -0.1793 -0.4645 -0.1269 0.7631 -0.0936 0
NDI -0.3801 -0.2612 0.044 -0.4812 -0.2169 0.7119 0
GLI -0.3791 0.3242 -0.0777 -0.5694 -0.3239 -0.5622 0
NGRDI -0.3775 -0.4109 0.1137 0.3125 -0.189 -0.2057 -0.7071
Proportion of Variance 0.979 0.0193 0.0011 0.0004 0.0001 0 0
Cumulative Proportion 0.979 0.9983 0.9995 0.9999 1 1 1
Table 1 The description of the character groups in this study with their mathematical formulas.
Table 2 Mean squares and heritability of rice characters under drought and salinity stress.

Notes: CV = coefficient of variation, ** significant effect at 1% error level, ** significant effect at 5% error level

Table 3 Stress tolerance index (STI) of morphometric characters for drought, salinity, and drought-salinity stress.

Notes. t = tolerant, mt = moderate tolerant, s = sensitive

Table 4 Analysis of the principal components of the morphometric traits.
Table 5 Stress tolerance index of colorimetric characters for drought, salinity, and drought-salinity stress.

Notes: t = tolerant, mt = moderate tolerant, s = sensitive

Table 6 Analysis of the principal components of the colorimetric traits.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

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