Clubroot, caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of crucifers that causes substantial economic loss worldwide. The disease is characterized by the formation of galls in the root and hypocotyl of infected plants which restricts host vascular cambium development inhibiting efficient water and nutrient uptake by the plant. The pathogen-driven interference of hormonal homeostasis, particularly of cytokinin, in the root tissue is intricately linked with induction of hypertrophy and cell divisions leading to formation of galls. Levels of cytokinins and cell division generally increase at the onset of the disease which declines at the later stages of gall formation. The genes involved cytokinin biosynthesis such as cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases and isopentenyl transferases shows differential expressions during clubroot infection and gall expansion in root tissues. Wider understanding of the roles of cytokinins and associated genes along the development of the disease will be helpful in unravelling plants defense mechanism against clubroot disease.

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• Genome-Wide Identification, Expression, and Protein Analysis of CKX and IPT Gene Families in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Reveal Their Involvement in Clubroot Resistance
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  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(16): 8974.     CrossRef
• Bioinformatics and functional analysis of EDS1 genes in Brassica napus in response to Plasmodiophora brassicae infection
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  Plant Science.2024; 347: 112175.     CrossRef
• Genome-wide identification and analysis of cytokinin dehydrogenase/oxidase (CKX) family genes in Brassica oleracea L. reveals their involvement in response to Plasmodiophora brassicae infections
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  Horticultural Plant Journal.2022; 8(1): 68.     CrossRef
• Early-stage responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae at the transcriptome and metabolome levels in clubroot resistant and susceptible oilseed Brassica napus
  Dinesh Adhikary, Anna Kisiala, Ananya Sarkar, Urmila Basu, Habibur Rahman, Neil Emery, Nat N V Kav
  Molecular Omics.2022; 18(10): 991.     CrossRef
• A Novel Target (Oxidation Resistant 2) in Arabidopsis thaliana to Reduce Clubroot Disease Symptoms via the Salicylic Acid Pathway without Growth Penalties
  Regina Mencia, Elina Welchen, Susann Auer, Jutta Ludwig-Müller
  Horticulturae.2021; 8(1): 9.     CrossRef
• Comparative transcriptome analysis of canola carrying clubroot resistance from ‘Mendel’ or Rutabaga and the development of molecular markers
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  Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2021; 114: 101640.     CrossRef
• Expression and Role of Biosynthetic, Transporter, Receptor, and Responsive Genes for Auxin Signaling during Clubroot Disease Development
  Arif Hasan Khan Robin, Gopal Saha, Rawnak Laila, Jong-In Park, Hoy-Taek Kim, Ill-Sup Nou
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(15): 5554.     CrossRef
• Demystifying biotrophs: FISHing for mRNAs to decipher plant and algal pathogen–host interaction at the single cell level
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  Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Expression and Role of Response Regulating, Biosynthetic and Degrading Genes for Cytokinin Signaling during Clubroot Disease Development
  Rawnak Laila, Arif Hasan Khan Robin, Jong-In Park, Gopal Saha, Hoy-Taek Kim, Md. Abdul Kayum, Ill-Sup Nou
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(11): 3896.     CrossRef
• Biocontrol arsenals of bacterial endophyte: An imminent triumph against clubroot disease
  Ayesha Ahmed, Shahzad Munir, Pengfei He, Yongmei Li, Pengbo He, Wu Yixin, Yueqiu He
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Two consecutive cycles of selection were imposed on five F₂ populations of bread wheat. The first cycle was a divergent selection for spike length conducted in favorable environment (optimal sowing date) and the response was measured under favorable and heat stress conditions of a late sowing date. Positive responses to selection for longer spikes were obtained under favorable (13.43%) heat stress (8.66%) conditions, whereas the responses for shorter spikes were 2.24 and 5.02% in the two environments, respectively. The realized heritability of spike length was greater under favorable conditions (0.25–0.56) than under heat stress (0.18–0.41). Concurrent positive responses to selection for longer spikes were obtained in grain yield per spike under favorable (25.35%) and heat stress (13.65%) environments. Selection for greater number of grains per spike imposed on F₃ plants selected for spike length under heat stress resulted in significant responses (14.65%). Selection for greater number of grains per spike resulted in correlated responses in grain yield per spike (17.64%). The concurrent positive responses produced in spike length in F₄ with selection for number of grains per spike (averaged 9.20%) was almost equal to that produced by the direct selection in F₃ (8.66%), indicating that selection advance effected in F₃ has been maintained in F₄. High F₄/F₃ regression was obtained for spike length under heat stress (b = 0.85 ± 0.07), indicating high heritability. In conclusion, phenotypic selection for longer spikes under heat stress followed by a cycle of selection for number of grains per spike was capable of improving heat tolerance in wheat.

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• Analysis of Wheat Spike Morphological Traits by 2D Imaging
  Fujun Sun, Shusong Zheng, Zongyang Li, Qi Gao, Ni Jiang
  Plant Phenomics.2025; 7(3): 100096.     CrossRef
• Morpho-Colorimetric Diversity and Genome-Wide Association Study of Wheat Spike Architecture Based on Image Processing Under Well-Watered and Rain-Fed Conditions
  Hossein Abdi, Hadi Alipour, Iraj Bernousi, Jafar Jafarzadeh, Ehsan Rabieyan
  Journal of Plant Growth Regulation.2025; 44(2): 850.     CrossRef
• Direct and Indirect Selection for Grain Yield and Grain Weight in Late Generations of Bread Wheat under Drought Stress and Normal Irrigation Environments
  Rasha E. Mahdy, Dikhnah Ashehri, Hanan Ali Alatawi, Hadba Al-Amrah, Ezzat E. Mahdy
  Plants.2022; 11(12): 1604.     CrossRef
• Effect of long-term heat stress on grain yield, pollen grain viability and germinability in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions
  J.E. Shenoda, Marwa N.M.E. Sanad, Aida A. Rizkalla, S. El-Assal, Rania T. Ali, Mona H. Hussein
  Heliyon.2021; 7(6): e07096.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of Triticum durum–Aegilops tauschii derived primary synthetics as potential sources of heat stress tolerance for wheat improvement
  Amandeep Kaur, Parveen Chhuneja, Puja Srivastava, Kuldeep Singh, Satinder Kaur
  Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization.2021; 19(1): 74.     CrossRef

×Brassicoraphanus (AARR, 2n = 38) is a synthetic intergeneric allopolyploid between Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis (AA, 2n = 20) and Raphanus sativus L. var. rafiphera (RR, 2n = 18). Abnormalities in meiosis are main causes for infertility, especially in recent intergeneric allopolyploids. Several ×Brassicoraphanus lines showing varied fertility rates were produced previously, but no cytogenetic data specifying the reasons for infertility have been reported. In this study, we performed cytogenetic analyses in BB4, BB6, BB12, and BB50 lines to evaluate their chromosomal composition and behavior during meiosis. The four lines had relatively small chromosomes, ranging in length from 1.82 to 5.72 μm. BB6, BB12, and BB50 have euploid chromosome number of 2n = 38, whereas BB4 is an aneuploid with 2n − 1 = 37. Fluorescent in situ hybridization karyotype analysis by using 5S/45S rDNA revealed 5/7, 6/7, 5/5 and 5/5 pairs in BB4, BB6, BB12 and BB50, respectively. Genomic in situ hybridization analysis on cells in prophase I revealed varying frequencies of tetravalent pairing and sticky, ring, rod, and laggard chromosomes across the lines, which were more abundant in BB4 and BB6. Unlike BB4 and BB6, both BB12 and BB50 are known to have relatively higher seed fertility and uniform plant morphology. The varied degrees of chromosomal pairing stability during meiosis could explain the different fertility rates among the four ×Brassicoraphanus lines in this study. These data might facilitate breeding programs of ×Brassicoraphanus and further cytogenomic analyses.

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• Exploration of incompatible crosses in plants for novel and useful variations
  Visarada Kurella B.R.S., Jinu Jacob, Kanti Meena, Deepika Cheruku, Sujatha Mulpuri
  Plant Breeding.2022; 141(5): 599.     CrossRef
• Subgenome Discrimination in Brassica and Raphanus Allopolyploids Using Microsatellites
  Nicole Bon Campomayor, Nomar Espinosa Waminal, Byung Yong Kang, Thi Hong Nguyen, Soo-Seong Lee, Jin Hoe Huh, Hyun Hee Kim
  Cells.2021; 10(9): 2358.     CrossRef

The
objective
of this study was to detect QTLs for rice seedling traits under normal water (control) and low water conditions (drought stress). Ninety-eight recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between closely-related japonica cultivars, M-203 and M-206 were grown under both low water and normal water conditions. QTLs for morphological traits were investigated at seedling stage using 5,164 single nucleotide polymorphisms via genotyping-by-sequencing. Twenty-three QTLs were associated with four seedling traits: shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot dry weight (SW) and root dry weight (RW), were detected and most QTLs were clustered on chromosome 1, 6, 7 and 11. Under normal water conditions, nine QTLs for seedling traits were detected and M-203 alleles increased all the values. The locations of most QTLs were consistent with genes that regulate or respond to auxin and gibberellin. For drought tolerance, fourteen QTLs were detected including seven for drought stress conditions and seven for relative performance (values from drought stress conditions/normal water conditions). Seven QTLs from drought stress conditions coincided with the loci of previously identified drought tolerance genes. Based on the shoot and root length under drought stress conditions, five lines exhibiting the highest values in common were selected as a drought tolerance group. Those lines exhibited better growth than the parents under drought stress conditions and had QTLs alleles for drought tolerance detected in this study. QTL information and selected lines may be used for improving seedling vigor and drought tolerance of rice in breeding programs.

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• Morpho-physiological and biochemical response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to drought stress: A review
  Utsav Bhandari, Aakriti Gajurel, Bharat Khadka, Ishwor Thapa, Isha Chand, Dibya Bhatta, Anju Poudel, Meena Pandey, Suraj Shrestha, Jiban Shrestha
  Heliyon.2023; 9(3): e13744.     CrossRef
• Meta-QTL and ortho-MQTL analyses identified genomic regions controlling rice yield, yield-related traits and root architecture under water deficit conditions
  Bahman Khahani, Elahe Tavakol, Vahid Shariati, Laura Rossini
  Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar ‘Chookdu 1’ (registration number: No. 7159) and ‘Chookdu 2’ (registration number: No. 6758) were developed as forage soybean cultivars at Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea. They were grown in tests over three years and compared with a commercial seed cultivar for seed yield and forage productivity planted in the same row in mixed plantings with corn. Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are tall, indeterminate growth habit selections from a cross between wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.), ‘PI 483463’, and cultivated soybean, ‘Hutcheson’ (PI 518664). The plant height of Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 were 80.9 cm and 81.4 cm, respectively, compared to 54.7 cm for the ‘Pungsannamul’ commercial seed check. The three-year seed yield of Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 was 2.0 and 2.2 t/ha, respectively, and not significantly different from Pungsannamul at 2.4 t/ha. Of the two cultivars Chookdu 2 averaged the most total forage fresh weight (65.0 t/ha). The three year mean forage yield of mixed-planting of corn and Chookdu 2 and Chookdu 1 was 10.4% and 3.8% greater, respectively, than corn monoculture. Results show Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are suitable soybean cultivars for mixed planting in the same row with corn to improve forage yield. They should be useful as parents to use in breeding to develop forage-type soybeans of high quality and yield for use in livestock feed.

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• Forage yield, nutritional value, soil chemical composition, and soil microbial abundance under maize–legume intercropping systems in a paddy field
  Yowook Song, Sang-Hoon Lee, Jae Hoon Woo, Ki-Won Lee
  Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology.2023; 26(3): 285.     CrossRef
• Chemical Composition of Soybean Harvested in Different Stages of Maturity and Its Suitability for Forage Production
  Vita Sterna, Imants Jansons, Inga Jansone, Margita Damskalne
  Rural Sustainability Research.2023; 50(345): 67.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Yield and Yield Components of Several Crops Grown under Agro-Photovoltaic System in Korea
  Hyun Jo, Sovetgul Asekova, Mohammad Amin Bayat, Liakat Ali, Jong Tae Song, Yu-Shin Ha, Dong-Hyuck Hong, Jeong-Dong Lee
  Agriculture.2022; 12(5): 619.     CrossRef

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is one of the most important crops for bioethanol production and the provision of antioxidant compounds for human health. In this study, we investigated the 8 agronomic traits of 153 sweet sorghum germplasms, which demonstrated a variety of phenotypes. In particular, nine sweet sorghum germplasms exhibited a sugar content exceeding 20 Brix. Based on agronomic characteristics, we selected eight elite sweet sorghum germplasms that showed high-performance agronomic and growth characteristics such as tall height, large panicle size with short height, high sugar content, and seed-specific characteristics. The selected germplasms also showed significant differential amount of 3 antioxidant compounds of 3-deoxyanthocyanins, flavonoids, and tannins. SS113 contained the highest levels of total 3-deoxyanthocyanins with apigeninidin contents 3–9 fold higher than that of other germplasms, while SS129 had a white seed coat with the highest recorded total flavonoid level (7.52 mg/g) but no detectable 3-deoxyanthocyanins compounds. The characterization of the traits and compounds will be useful for basic research into the selection of suitable cultivars in the breeding of sweet sorghum.

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• Grain yield, nutritional, polyphenols and antioxidant capacity in accessions of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
  Silvia UÑATE-FRAGA, Josué I. GARCÍA-LÓPEZ, Antonio FLORES-NAVEDA, Norma RUIZ-TORRES, Sonia RAMÍREZ-BARRÓN, Agustín HERNÁNDEZ-JUÁREZ, Alejandro LOZANO-DEL RÍO, Julio C. TAFOLLA-ARELLANO
  Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca.2022; 50(1): 12637.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Salinity Tolerance Between Grain and Sweet Sorghum Germplasms [Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench]
  Jung Min Kim, Jae Il Lyu, Jaihyunk Ryu, Dong-Gun Kim, Min-Kyu Lee, Jin-Baek Kim, Bo-Keun Ha, Joon-Woo Ahn, Soon-Jae Kwon
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2020; 52(1): 32.     CrossRef

Low-temperature germinability (LTG) is an important trait for rice direct seeding at temperate and high-altitude region. Previously, five QTLs (quantitative trait loci) for LTG were detected using an interspecific cross population between the Korea japonica cultivar Hwaseong and Oryza rufipogon (IRGSP#105491). O. rufipogon alleles at all loci increased the germination rate at the 13°C condition. In this study, we tried to confirm and fine-map qLTG1 located on the short arm of chromosome 1. To map the qLTG1, two introgression lines, TR5 and TR20 were crossed to Hwaseong to develop F_2:3 populations. QTL analysis confirmed the existence of the qLTG1 and it explained 55.5% and 29.9% of phenotypic variation in two populations, respectively. Substitution mapping using informative recombinant lines indicated that qLTG1 was located in 167-kb region between two SSR markers RM10310 and RM10326. This segment harbored 18 genes with nine of them were annotated with specific gene function. In addition, the O. rufipogon introgression in this region was associated with an increase in spikelets per panicle in the Hwaseong background. The results strongly indicate that the O. rufipogon alleles will be a valuable source of genes in improving japonica rice for low-temperature germinability and yield. To our knowledge, this is the first report to fine-map qLTG1 associated with LTG in rice considering that no QTL for LTG has not been reported near this QTL region from other biparental populations.

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• Genetic dissection and transcriptomic analysis of a novel high‐tillering phenotype in rice derived from weedy rice (Hapcheonaengmi3) and Tongil‐type Rice (Milyang23)
  Kyu‐Chan Shim, Donghyun Jeon, Yun‐A Jeon, Cheryl Adeva, Hyun‐Sook Lee, Ju‐Won Kang, Sa‐Eun Park, Sang‐Nag Ahn, Inkyu Park
  The Plant Genome.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prebreeding using untapped rice genetic resources: linking the gap between biodiversity and crop improvement
  Santhosh Venna, Divya Balakrishnan, P. K. Singh, B. Arun, Suneetha Kota, S. Amurutha Rao, Naresh Kumar Sahu, S.V. SaiPrasad, R. M. Sundaram
  Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology.2026; 29(3): 371.     CrossRef
• Spontaneous mutation in OsABCI8 caused an albino rice mutant induced by transplanting
  Kyu-Chan Shim, Yun-A Jeon, Hyun-Sook Lee, Sang-Nag Ahn, Inkyu Park
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Cold-Tolerance Candidate Gene Identification in Maize Germination Using BSA, Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiling
  Cheng Wang, Nan Hao, Yueming Li, Nan Sun, Liwei Wang, Yusheng Ye
  Agronomy.2025; 15(5): 1067.     CrossRef
• Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis Unveil the Involvement of the Cold Shock Protein (CSP) Gene Family in Cotton Hypothermia Stress
  Yejun Yang, Ting Zhou, Jianglin Xu, Yongqiang Wang, Yuanchun Pu, Yunfang Qu, Guoqing Sun
  Plants.2024; 13(5): 643.     CrossRef
• A Frameshift Mutation in the Mg-Chelatase I Subunit Gene OsCHLI Is Associated with a Lethal Chlorophyll-Deficient, Yellow Seedling Phenotype in Rice
  Kyu-Chan Shim, Yuna Kang, Jun-Ho Song, Ye Jin Kim, Jae Kwang Kim, Changsoo Kim, Thomas H. Tai, Inkyu Park, Sang-Nag Ahn
  Plants.2023; 12(15): 2831.     CrossRef
• Genome-wide identification and expression reveal the involvement of the FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) gene family in Gossypium hirsutum at low temperature
  JunDuo Wang, Zhiqiang Li, Yajun Liang, Juyun Zheng, Zhaolong Gong, Guohui Zhou, Yuhui Xu, Xueyuan Li
  PeerJ.2023; 11: e14690.     CrossRef
• Identification of QTLs and candidate genes for rice seed germinability under low temperature using high‐density genetic mapping and RNA‐seq
  Jing Yang, Aie Chen, Ji Wei, Jifen Xu, Shengnan Chen, Wei Tang, Jing Liu, Hongyang Wang
  Food and Energy Security.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Interaction of starch branching enzyme 3 and granule-bound starch synthase 1 alleles increases amylose content and alters physico-chemical properties in japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)
  Kyu-Chan Shim, Cheryl Adeva, Ju-Won Kang, Ngoc Ha Luong, Hyun-Sook Lee, Jun-Hyeon Cho, HyunJung Kim, Thomas H. Tai, Sang-Nag Ahn
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Novel Embryo Phenotype Associated With Interspecific Hybrid Weakness in Rice Is Controlled by the MADS-Domain Transcription Factor OsMADS8
  Sun Ha Kim, Shi-Dong Ji, Hyun-Sook Lee, Yun-A Jeon, Kyu-Chan Shim, Cheryl Adeva, Ngoc Ha Luong, Pingrong Yuan, Hyun-Jung Kim, Thomas H. Tai, Sang-Nag Ahn
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Brassinosteroid biosynthesis gene OsD2 is associated with low-temperature germinability in rice
  Sun Ha Kim, Kyu-Chan Shim, Hyun-Sook Lee, Yun-A Jeon, Cheryl Adeva, Ngoc Ha Luong, Sang-Nag Ahn
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Identification of QTLs for Cold Tolerance at Seedling Stage Using a Population Derived from an Inter-specific Cross in Rice
  Kyu-Chan Shim, Yeo-Tae Yun, Ju-Won Kang, Sang-Nag Ahn
  Plant Breeding and Biotechnology.2022; 10(4): 282.     CrossRef
• Mapping QTLs controlling low-temperature germinability in rice by using single segment substitution lines derived from 4 AA-genome species of wild rice
  Ruiqin Pei, Zhengao Zhang, Mingchuan Huang, Guangshan Hou, Jijing Luo, Haitao Zhu, GuiFu Liu, Xuelin Fu, Guiquan Zhang, Shaokui Wang
  Euphytica.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Natural variation in rice ascorbate peroxidase gene APX9 is associated with a yield-enhancing QTL cluster
  Yun-A Jeon, Hyun-Sook Lee, Sun-Ha Kim, Kyu-Chan Shim, Ju-Won Kang, Hyun-Jung Kim, Thomas H Tai, Sang-Nag Ahn, Christine Foyer
  Journal of Experimental Botany.2021; 72(12): 4254.     CrossRef
• Deployment of wild relatives for genetic improvement in rice (Oryza sativa)
  Kiran B. Gaikwad, Naveen Singh, Parampreet Kaur, Sushma Rani, Prashanth Babu H, Kuldeep Singh, Sang Nag Ahn
  Plant Breeding.2021; 140(1): 23.     CrossRef
• Characterization of Quantitative Trait Loci for Germination and Coleoptile Length under Low-Temperature Condition Using Introgression Lines Derived from an Interspecific Cross in Rice
  Mirjalol Akhtamov, Cheryl Adeva, Kyu-Chan Shim, Hyun-Sook Lee, Sun Ha Kim, Yun-A Jeon, Ngoc Ha Luong, Ju-Won Kang, Ji-Yoon Lee, Sang-Nag Ahn
  Genes.2020; 11(10): 1200.     CrossRef
• Characterization of a New qLTG3–1 Allele for Low-temperature Germinability in Rice from the Wild Species Oryza rufipogon
  Kyu-Chan Shim, Sun Ha Kim, Hyun-Sook Lee, Cheryl Adeva, Yun-A Jeon, Ngoc Ha Luong, Woo-Jin Kim, Mirjalol Akhtamov, Yong-Jin Park, Sang-Nag Ahn
  Rice.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, OsGW2, Controls Chlorophyll Content and Dark-Induced Senescence in Rice
  Kyu-Chan Shim, Sun Ha Kim, Yun-A Jeon, Hyun-Sook Lee, Cheryl Adeva, Ju-Won Kang, Hyun-Jung Kim, Thomas H Tai, Sang-Nag Ahn
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(5): 1704.     CrossRef

During seed production of onion (Allium cepa L.) and Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.) cultivars, seeds are inadvertently cross-contaminated with each other. However, it is difficult to identify cross-contaminated seeds by visual examination since seed and seedling morphologies of onion and Welsh onion are almost identical. To develop molecular markers for distinguishing onion and Welsh onion at early seedling stages, polymorphic mitochondrial genome sequences between two species were isolated. Using complete mitochondrial genome sequences of onions as references, genome walking was performed to isolate polymorphic Welsh onion sequences. Unlike conserved 3′ sequences flanking the atp9 gene, the 5′ flanking sequences were completely different between onion and Welsh onion mitochondrial genomes. A simple PCR marker was developed on the basis of polymorphic 5′ flanking regions of atp9, and a high resolution melting (HRM) marker was developed based on one of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3′ flanking regions. A total of 41 onion and 19 Welsh onion cultivars were analyzed using these two molecular markers. Results showed that the onion-specific marker genotype was detected only in onion cultivars, and vice versa. To estimate distribution of onion-specific and Welsh onion-specific organizations of atp9 among Allium species, 14 Allium species related to onion and Welsh onion were analyzed. Results showed that specific organizations were conserved among closely related species of onion and Welsh onion, respectively, implying that there might be no intraspecific variation in the atp9 organizations.

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• The complex and dynamic mitochondrial genome of garlic (Allium sativum): Insights from structural and evolutionary analysis
  Hui Shen, Wen Liu, Lilian Zhao, Yanfang Guo, Yuanheng Li, Ting Wu, Shu Han
  Genomics.2026; 118(2): 111214.     CrossRef
• Allelic variability and transferability of atp6 gene among Allium species
  Talamarla Yeswanth Mahidar Gowd, Chandra Deo, Dalasanuru Chandregowda Manjunathagowda, Vijay Mahajan, Nangsol Dolma Bhutia, Barun Singh
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• Mitochondrial relationships between various chamomile accessions
  Joana Ruzicka, Marion Hacek, Johannes Novak
  Journal of Applied Genetics.2021; 62(1): 73.     CrossRef