Drought stress is a crucial environmental factor for plant survival, and the development of drought-tolerant varieties is one of the goals of all cultivated plant researchers. In particular, the seedling stage is important for plant growth and development and is also the period most affected by drought. We investigated the initial response to drought stress in seedlings of two species of poplar (Populus alba × Populus davidiana and Populus davidiana) that phenotypically differed in drought tolerance. Comparative analysis in terms of shoot height, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, antioxidants, proline, soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) contents was used to measure the physiological and biochemical characteristics of drought stress, and drought-related genetic changes were also examined. Significant changes in shoot height, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll contents, MDA and H₂O₂ appeared more adversely in Populus alba × Populus davidiana than in Populus davidiana, whereas reductions in soluble protein, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which are indicators related to drought tolerance, appeared less in Populus davidiana. The change pattern of genes related to electron transfer and H₂O₂ production were almost similar in the two species, and among the drought response genes, lipid transfer protein 3 (LTP3) was greatly upregulated only in Populus davidiana. In the initial response to drought stress of both poplars, Populus davidiana, which had good antioxidant maintenance, showed better drought tolerance than Populus alba × Populus davidiana, which had a faster response to osmotic balance control.

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The yield related traits are controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and influenced by environmental change in rice. We analyzed QTLs for 15 yield related traits using two backcross populations, derived from crosses between IR64 as recurrent parent and Koshihikari as donor parent, through two years. A total of 67 backcross inbred lines (BILs) and 40 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) were genotyped using 183 SNP markers using a high-throughput genotyping system. Some genomic gaps between markers were identified in two populations. For fifteen traits in this study, 36 major QTLs (mQTLs) for 12 traits and 16 digenic epistatic QTLs (EpQTLs) for culm length were detected in BILs. On the other hand, 17 mQTLs were detected for nine traits in CSSLs. Among them, six mQTLs for grain yield traits were collocated on chromosome 10 in both years. For spikelet fertility, six putative QTLs were detected under high temperature conditions in 2018. The QTLs identified in this study could be used for the development of rice varieties conferring inter-subspecific combinations of yield-related traits.

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Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and yield. Conventional breeding is a very effective method to develop tolerant rice variety; however, it takes a decade long to establish a new rice variety. DNA-based markers have a huge potential to improve the efficiency and precision of conventional plant breeding via marker-assisted selection (MAS). The large number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping studies for rice has provided an abundance of DNA marker-trait associations. The limitations of conventional breeding such as linkage drag and lengthy time consumption can be overcome by utilizing DNA markers in plant breeding. The major applications of DNA markers such as MAS, QTL mapping and gene pyramiding have been surveyed. In this review, we presented the latest markers available for some of the most important abiotic and biotic stresses in rice breeding programs. Achieving a significant impact on crop improvement by marker assisted breeding (MAB) represents the great challenge for agricultural scientists in the next few decades.

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