Cotton fiber development is a complex process regulated by multiple networks that involve various transcription factors (TFs). Recent studies (2020-2025) have elucidated the roles of TFs through silencing and overexpression experiments in cotton plants. We conducted a literature search in NCBI using the keywords ‘transcription factor, fiber elongation, cotton plant’ to identify relevant studies. This review focuses on studies published between 2020 and 2025 that were selected for review. We discussed various TFs and molecular mechanisms leading to altered fiber length. The research works included various analyses of transcription factors, genes, proteins, and metabolites as well as fiber quality results. The reviewed data highlight the complexity of fiber development networks, which involve extensive crosstalk among regulatory pathways. Despite the complexity, many novel TFs, modules, and tandems that participate in fiber elongation have been found. Their positive or negative regulatory roles in fiber formation stages promote a more profound understanding of fiber initiation and elongation.

The in vitro vegetative propagation technique of the Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum (callus propagation) still have problems to date. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the media and plant growth regulator (PGR) on seed germination and callus induction with shoot tip as an explant and use the planlet from elongation treatment result. The seed germination uses modified Knudson C (KC medium) with the addition of 3 concentrations of NAA (0; 5; 10 mg/L). The second study is the elongation treatment of the explants uses four modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (1/2 P, ½ P5, MP and MP5). And for the callus induction study consisted of two methods, callus induction with direct planting to the treatment medium by using SH medium with addition of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 1 mg/L and Thidiazuron (TDZ) (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 dan 2 mg/L). The second method used the explants resulted from elongation treatment. It used half-strength Wattanawikkit medium with addition of TDZ (0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0; 1; 5; 10 mg/L). All callus then subcultured in the half-strength MS (½ MS) medium containing 2,4-D 1 mg/L and TDZ (0; 1; 1.5 mg/L). All the experiments used a completely randomized design with 3 repetitions. The results showed that the seeds germinated 2 months after planting (MAP) for all media. The optimal media for explants elongation of P. glaucophyllum was MP5 media. Meanwhile, for the first callus induction experiments, explants had more callus in basic SH media with 2.4-D 1 mg/L and TDZ 0.5-1.5 mg/L that grew in the dark. The second experiment, the optimal medium for callus induction was half MS with Thidiazuron 1.5 mg/L and 2.4-D 1 mg/L (T1.5D1). The the suitable medium for callus development is ½ MS) medium with 2,4-D 1 mg/L.

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• Optimizing indirect organogenesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis to ensure high survival rate of Capparis decidua under ex vitro conditions
  Vineet Soni, Renu Sharma, Upma Bhatt, Yashwant Sompura
  In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.2025; 61(6): 1328.     CrossRef
• Asymbiotic Seed Germination and In Vitro Propagation of the Thai Rare Orchid Species; Eulophia bicallosa (D.Don) P.F.Hunt & Summerh.
  Thanakorn Wongsa, Jittra Piapukiew, Kanlaya Kuenkaew, Chatchaya Somsanook, Onrut Sapatee, Julaluk Linjikao, Boworn Kunakhonnuruk, Anupan Kongbangkerd
  Plants.2025; 14(14): 2212.     CrossRef
• Clonal propagation of rare orchid species Paphiopedilum spp. (Orchidaceae) to save Indonesian biodiversity
  Nurul Istiqomah, Hesti Indriani, Yusril Ihza Farhan Wijaya, Safitri, Dyah Carinae Yalapuspita, Elizabeth Handini, Surya Diantina, Popi Aprilianti, Endang Semiarti
  South African Journal of Botany.2024; 172: 779.     CrossRef

This study was initiated to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in root system development by measuring root length and weight of rice seedlings grown in hydroponic culture condition. Growth conditions for estimating the root elongation were set up to supply NH₄⁺ as a single nitrogen source. Four rice accessions and 40 introgression lines (ILs) derived from a cross between ‘Ilpumbyeo’, a temperate japonica variety, and ‘Moroberekan’, a tropical japonica accession, were used to detect QTL for two root traits of seedlings grown in 0, 250 and 500 μM NH₄⁺. Seven chromosomal regions were found to be involved in root elongation. The qRW6 QTL detected on the long-arm of chromosome 6 promoted root weight and the ‘Moroberekan’ allele at this QTL was associated with enhanced root weight at 250 μM NH₄⁺ concentration. The Moroberekan alleles were beneficial at all loci except for qRW4 at which the Ilpumbyeo allele increased root weight under 0, 250 and 500 μM NH₄⁺. A field trial was conducted for selected four ILs to know whether the introgressed Moroberekan segments harboring the beneficial QTL were associated with effects on other agronomic traits. No significant difference was detected between four ILs and Ilpumbyeo for days to heading and culm length. Two lines showed significant difference from Ilpumbyeo in spikelets per panicle and 1,000 grain weight, and the difference might be attributed to the Moroberekan segment on chromosome 6. Our QTL results indicate that the Moroberekan introgression on chromosome 6 flanked by RM162-RM3430 has the potential to enhance root traits and yield potential in the temperate japonica background.

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• Identification of shoot and root genomic regions in response to nitrogen deficiency tolerance in rice through the use of rice back cross recombinant inbred lines (BRILs)
  Abdul Malik Solangi, Hira Khanzada, Ghulam Mustafa Wassan, Adnan Rasheed, Ayaz Ali Keerio, Huijie Li, Saba Khanzada, Muhammad Faheem, Mashooq Ali Laghari, Jianmin Bian, Xiaohua Pan, Ziming Wu
  Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology.2023; 32(1): 40.     CrossRef
• Genome-wide association study and transcriptome analysis reveal new QTL and candidate genes for nitrogen‐deficiency tolerance in rice
  Qing Li, Xueli Lu, Changjian Wang, Lan Shen, Liping Dai, Jinli He, Long Yang, Peiyuan Li, Yifeng Hong, Qiang Zhang, Guojun Dong, Jiang Hu, Guangheng Zhang, Deyong Ren, Zhenyu Gao, Longbiao Guo, Qian Qian, Li Zhu, Dali Zeng
  The Crop Journal.2022; 10(4): 942.     CrossRef
• Pinpointing genomic regions associated with root system architecture in rice through an integrative meta-analysis approach
  Parisa Daryani, Hadi Darzi Ramandi, Sara Dezhsetan, Raheleh Mirdar Mansuri, Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh, Zahra-Sadat Shobbar
  Theoretical and Applied Genetics.2022; 135(1): 81.     CrossRef
• Mapping of quantitative trait loci for root elongation in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) treated with various nitrogen sources and concentrations
  Kazuhiro Sasaki, Mitsuhiro Obara
  Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.2022; 68(4): 454.     CrossRef
• Root Branching and Nutrient Efficiency: Status and Way Forward in Root and Tuber Crops
  Luis O. Duque, Arthur Villordon
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• RDWN6XB, a major quantitative trait locus positively enhances root system architecture under nitrogen deficiency in rice
  Galal Bakr Anis, Yingxin Zhang, Anowerul Islam, Yue Zhang, Yongrun Cao, Weixun Wu, Liyong Cao, Shihua Cheng
  BMC Plant Biology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef

A tissue-specific and developmentally expressed gene was isolated from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis), designated BrREF (B. rapa Rubber elongation factor). BrREF transcripts were expressed at high levels in seedlings and at low levels in flower buds and roots. To study the activity of this promoter, the 2.2 kb upstream sequence of BrREF gene was fused to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana and B. napus by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Strong expression of GUS driven by the BrREF promoter was detected in the cotyledons and hypocotyls of transgenic plant seedlings, but GUS expression was weak in roots, excluding the root tips. GUS expression in the cotyledons and hypocotyls decreased dramatically as the seedlings matured and was not detected in the tissues of mature plants. During floral development, GUS expression was observed in immature anthers. These findings suggest that the BrREF promoter can modulate the tissue-specific and developmental expression of gene at the early stages of growth and development.

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• The Characterization of Constitutive Promoters in Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat)
  Eun Jung Suh, So Youn Won, Seong-Kon Lee, Sang Ryeol Park
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2024; 56(3): 179.     CrossRef