DNA barcoding is the use of short DNA sequences of the genome for large scale species identification. The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) plant-working group recommended a 2-locus combination as the standard plant barcode. The evolutions of the chloroplast regions combined with nuclear gens are sufficiently rapid to allow discrimination between closely related species. We evaluated the efficacy of the proposed plant barcoding loci, matK, along with ITS2 for barcoding the Vigna species. To assess the discriminatory ability of barcoding loci for identifying the Vigna species, we sampled 52 of the taxonomically best known groups in the genus. Topologies of the phylogenetic trees based on ITS2 and matK analyses were similar but a few accessions were placed into distant phylogenetic groups. Neither ITS2 nor matK analyses were able to discriminate some closely related Vigna species. Thus, we used concatenated data to increase the resolving power of ITS2 and used matK as an additional tool for phylogenetic analysis in Vigna because characterization of the nucleotide sequences of the matK region was easier and more cost-effective than that of the ITS region.

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• Genetic Diversity of Asian Vigna Species (Subgenus Ceratotropis; Genus Vigna) in India Based on ITS2 Sequences Data
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Chloroplast DNA sequences are a versatile tool for species identification and phylogenetic reconstruction of land plants. Different chloroplast loci have been utilized for phylogenetic classification of plant species. However, there is no report for a short DNA sequence that can distinguish all plant species from each other. Molecular markers derived from the complete chloroplast genome can provide effective tools for species identification and phylogenetic resolution. Thus, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Korean landrace “Subicho” pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) has been determined here. The total length of the chloroplast genome is 156,878 bp, with 37.7% overall GC content. A pair of IRs (inverted repeats) of 25,801 bp was separated by a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,929 bp and a large single copy (LSC) region of 87,347 bp. The chloroplast genome harbors 132 known genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. A total of seven of these genes are duplicated in the inverted repeat regions, nine genes and six tRNA genes contain one intron, while two genes and a ycf have two introns. Analysis revealed 144 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and 96 variants, mostly located in the intergenic regions. The types and abundances of repeat units in Capsicum species were relatively conserved and these loci will be useful for developing C. annuum cp genome vectors.

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• Ripening‐related metabolic changes in different chili pepper cultivars revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  Gi‐Un Seong, Dae‐Yong Yun, Jeong‐Seok Cho, Seul‐Ki Park, Gyu Seok Lee, Jeong Hee Choi, Kee‐Jai Park, Jeong‐Ho Lim
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We investigated the species discriminatory efficiency of the proposed plant barcoding loci ITS2 and matK in Vicia species. In 2011, China Plant BOL Group proposed the addition of nuclear ITS2 to matK be accepted as a 2-locus DNA barcode to classify plant species. The matK region was chosen as a DNA barcode because of its effective species discriminating power, high quality sequence recovery, and easy experimental analysis. Integration of matK sequences into Vicia phylogeny could improve phylogenetic reconstruction of this species. To assess the ability of barcoding loci to resolve Vicia species, we sampled 36 of the taxonomically best known groups in the genus. Topologies of the phylogenetic trees based on ITS2 and matK analyses were similar but a few accessions were placed into distant phylogenetic groups. Neither ITS2 nor matK analyses alone could discriminate some closely related Vicia species. Thus, we have proposed a concatenated data approach to increase the resolving power of ITS2 and used matK as an additional tool for phylogenetic analysis in Vicia because characterization of the nucleotide sequences of the matK region was easier to recover and more cost-effective than those of the ITS region.

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• Deep learning for Fabaceae identification by integrating molecular and morphological data and a solution for barcode selection
  Kawtar Lhayani, Karim Rabeh, Leila Medraoui
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Tomato was considered as one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops in the world. Tomato plant has high antioxidant capacity which can be attributed to the high levels of carotenoids, phenols, vitamins C and E. However, most of tomato plants have been discarded as waste after fruit harvesting. In order to identify genetic resources with high antioxidant level for use in food or as feed additives, we investigated the ABTS, DPPH antioxidant activity and polyphenol content in tomato leaves and stems. A total of 112 tomato accessions were classified into three groups by latitude of their collected countries: 30°~60° North (50 accessions), 0°~30° North (40 accessions), and 0°~30° South (22 accessions). Stem and leaf extracts showed wide variation in ABTS antioxidant activity ranging from 1.6 ± 1.0 to 48.4 ± 6.1 μg Trolox mg⁻¹ dw. The antioxidant activity of DPPH was in the range of 6.3 ± 0.2 to 40.0 ± 0.3 μg ASC mg⁻¹ dw. Total polyphenol content ranged from 6.1 ± 0.2 to 38.9 ± 0.7 μg GAE mg⁻¹ dw. ABTS, DPPH antioxidant activities and polyphenol content in accessions from 30°~60°N latitude were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from 0°~30°N latitude. ABTS values showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.700**) with DPPH activity. IT100506 (KOR) and 702959 (UKR) were recommended as potential sources of natural antioxidants due to their highest antioxidant activity among accessions. This study will provide valuable information for tomato breeders in developing and producing functional food or feed additives resources.

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