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Research Article

Estimates of Genetic Variability for Seedling Traits in Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F)

Lawrence Stephen Fayeun1,*, Lateef Akinkunle Hammed2, Olusegun Adebayo Oduwaye3, Jide Umar Madike3, Edith Uqueen Ushie3
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2016;4(2):262-270.
Published online: May 31, 2016

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*Corresponding author: Lawrence Stephen Fayeun, lawrencefayeun@yahoo.com, Tel: +234-8030632197, Fax: +234-8099021294
• Received: March 6, 2016   • Revised: April 17, 2016   • Accepted: April 18, 2016

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • An experiment was conducted to evaluate genetic variation among twenty-one fluted pumpkin genotypes for seedling traits. The seeds of the fluted pumpkin were germinated in nursery bags filled with saw dust at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria between July and August, 2013. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications. Characters evaluated were emergence percentage (E%), emergence index, emergence index rate, vine length (cm), leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, shoot dry weight (g), and seedling vigour index (SVI). Significant (P≤0.05) differences were observed among the fluted pumpkin genotypes for the evaluated characters. High E% was observed for genotypes Ftn45 (94.80%), Ftn43 (93.30%), Ftn57 (93.30%), Fte41 (90.0%), Ftn61 (86.70%), and Ftm11 (83.30%). Also, these genotypes had above average values for SVI. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for leaf area (75.44%) and dry shoot weight (55.85%), respectively while heritability estimates above 50% was observed for leaf area (82.0%), dry weight (77.78%), E% (70.84%), and SVI (51.98%). The genetic advance was high for E% (38.37), SVI (38.09), and leaf area. SVI, E%, vine length, and leaf area had significant positive correlation with most of the traits therefore, they can be used as selection criteria in fluted pumpkin. Therefore, genetic improvement of early seedling can be used for selection programme in fluted pumpkin.
  • Key words: Emergence, Genetic variability, Heritability, Correlation coefficient, Seedling vigour index
Fluted pumpkin, Telfairia occidentalis (Hook F.) is one of the most important leaf and seed vegetables of West Africa. It is an indigenous crop of economic, nutritional and medicinal importance in the socio-cultural life of the people of southern Nigeria. Apart from consumption, the crop has significant use for sustainable land management and reclamation. Fluted pumpkin is a very fast growing crawler that branches profusely when the apical dominance is removed (Fayeun 2011) thereby encouraging good ground coverage which suppresses weeds and prevents direct impact of the sun on the soil. In addition, its root system ramifies in the top surface of the soil, thus preventing soil erosion. According to Asian Vegetable Research Development Centre (1981), planting the crop in raised beds can reduce the effect of flooding during rainy seasons. Soyingbe et al. (2012), reported that its waste has potential for improving compost nutrient quality and thus useful as organic manure. Also, it has been reported that it can be used in bioremediation of heavy metal-polluted soil (Obute et al. 2001; Wegwu et al. 2002).
Despite the importance of this crop, its large scale production is limited by several factors including; inability to distinguish sex at early stage and the preponderance of males in natural populations (Ajayi et al. 2006), its recalcitrant nature (Akoroda 1990) and easy loss of viability due to its bulkiness and high moisture content which limit its long-term storage. These problems are compounded by the propensity of the seeds to germinate in situ while in fruit. All these affect planting materials and seedling establishment. Limited research work has been directed at solving these identified problems. At present, seed is the only and reliable source of planting material used by farmers in this crop. Some proposed alternatives to seed might not be practicable and seem to be beyond the capability of small holder farmers. For instance, Esiaba (1982), Obiefuna (1995), and Sakpere et al. (2011) proposed the use of seed sections, rooted shoot tips, and rooting hormone (IBA) on vine cuttings, respectively.
Seedling parameters play important role in obtaining desirable crop stand (Malik et al. 2011). Good seedling vigour influences seed rate and gives crops competitive advantages over weeds and other environmental stresses which could consequently lead to reduced cost of production. Possibly, leaf and seed yield in fluted pumpkin can be predicted at the seedling stage which could help in predicting crop performance at maturity stage. Therefore, knowledge of genetic variability of seedling traits is needed for improvement of this crop. Information on the genetic components of variation, heritability and character association are needed for effective selection in plant breeding. Reported research work on seedling traits of fluted pumpkin is rare. However, some works have been reported on fruit and seed traits. Odiaka et al. (2008) identified size of fruit, seed, leaf, and thickness of vine as trait indicators for quality seed for fluted pumpkin. Chukwudi and Agbo (2014) observed that large sized fruits gave higher seed sizes but medium sized fruits gave higher emergence rate. Attempts to improve the seedling traits of any crop can only be achieved if there is sufficient genetic variability in such traits. Crop improvement is dependent not only on the magnitude of phenotypic variability but also on the extent to which the desirable characters are heritable (Okelola et al. 2007). Therefore, it is important to partition phenotypic variation into heritable and non-heritable components and determine how heritable traits associate among themselves. Therefore, this study was carried out with the objective of determining the magnitude of genetic variation of seedling traits and character association in the twenty one fluted pumpkin genotypes across two locations.
Twenty one genotypes of fluted pumpkin were collected from two agro-ecological zones (rainforest and derived savannah) in Nigeria. The genotypes used were freshly harvested fruits that were relatively of the same age. Their seeds were extracted on the same day and divided into two groups for use in the two experimental locations. The seeds characteristics of the 21 genotypes are presented in Table 1. The experiment was carried out between July and August, 2013 at the Teaching and Research Farm Directorate of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, and Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Technology, Akure. The two sites represent the main Agro-ecological zones of south western Nigeria. Abeokuta and Akure belong to the derived savannah and rainforest, respectively. The genotypes were grown in nursery bags (12×10 cm) arranged in completely randomized design with three replications. The bags were separated from one another by 20 cm spacing, whereas the replications were separated by 50 cm spacing. A total of 105 bags were utilized at each location. The nursery bags were filled with white saw dust as suggested by Akoroda and Adejoro (1990) and watered. One seed was planted per bag under rain fed condition. However, supplementary watering was carried out as needed. Each plot contained five nursery bags and data were collected on four of them. Observations were made on eight different seedling traits. These are:

  1. Emergence index (EI): Seedling emergence was recorded at 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 days after planting (DAP) and used to compute EI according to modified formula of Fakorede and Ojo (1981).

    EI=∑(Plants emerged in a day)(Day after planting)Plants emerged by 19 days after planting

  2. Emergence percentage (E%): This was calculated as the percentage of seedling emerged 21 DAP relative to the number of seeds sown per plot.

    E%=∑Seeding emerged by 21 DAP×100Number of seeds planted

  3. Emergence rate index (ERI): This was computed by expressing EI as a proportion of E% as follows:

    ERI=EIE%

  4. Seedling vigour index (SVI): This was computed according to the modified formula of Kharb et al. (1994).

    SVI=(Vine length+root length)×E%100

  5. Vine length: The length of the vine was measured in centimetre from the base of the plant to the tip with meter rule at 21 DAP.

  6. Number of leaves: The total number of leaves per plant was counted at 21 DAP.

  7. Leaf area: The leaf area was measured in square centimetre by scanning leaf samples with HP scanner and the area of scanned images were determined using a Leaf Area software (Bakr 2005) at 21 DAP.

  8. Shoot dry weight: Fresh shoot samples from each genotype were oven dried at 105°C for 24 hours and weight of the dry shoot samples were measured in gram with electronic balance.

The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using PROC GLM of SAS ver. 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA; Statistical Analysis System 2000). Mean effects that showed significant F-tests were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test. Estimates of phenotypic and genotypic variances were calculated from the ANOVA. Broad sense heritability estimates (HB) was computed for each environment as the proportion of phenotypic variances that is due to genetic differences among genotypes; the broad sense heritability for the combined locations was estimated according to Tenkouano et al. (2002) as:
HB=σ2g/(σ2g+σ2ge/l+σ2e/rl)
Where:

  • HB=the broad sense heritability,

  • σ2g=the genetic variance,

  • σ2gl=the variance associated with genotype x location interaction,

  • σ2e=the experimental error.

The terms g, l and r indicates the number of genotypes, location and replication.
Genetic advance (GA) was computed according to the formula given by Johnson et al. (1955) and as used by Fayeun et al. (2012).
GA=σg2σp2×K
Where:

  • K=2.06 (selection differential at 5%)

Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were computed according to Singh and Chaudhury (1985) as follows.
Genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV)=σg2χ¯×100Phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV)=σp2χ¯×100
Where:

  • σg2 =Genotypic variation

  • σp2 =Phenotypic variation

  • χ̄=Sample mean of the character

Analysis of covariance was carried out on pairs of variables and the resulting values were used to estimate the phenotypic correlation coefficients as suggested by Singh and Chaudhary (1985):
Phenotypic correlation coefficient (rp)=COVp(X1,X1)σp(X1)2×σp(X2)2
Where:

  • COVp(X1,X1)=Phenotypic covariance among trait X1 and X2.

  • σp(X1)2 and σp(X2)2 =Phenotypic variance for traits X1 and X2, respectively.

Test of significance of correlation was done by comparing the computed values against table ‘r’ values given by Fisher and Yates (1963).
The analysis of variance indicated significant (P≤0.01) differences among the 21 genotypes of fluted pumpkin for all the seedling characters evaluated in the study (Table 2). Significant location effect was observed for all the characters except for E% and ERI. Also, significant genotype×location effect was observed for all the characters and this accounted for differential performance of the genotypes across the two locations. The mean value of the fluted pumpkin genotypes for the seedling characters evaluated across the two locations are presented in Table 3. High values of E% and SVI was observed for genotypes Fte41 (90.0% and 32.2, respectively), Ftn57 (93.3% and 31.2, respectively), and Ftn45 (94.8% and 31.98, respectively). Genotype Ftn46 had the highest ERI of 29.8 but performed poorly in most of the other seedling traits. Genotype Ftm11 had the highest value for number of leaves (9.0) and shoot dry weight (1.3 g) and had above average values for all the seedling characters except ERI (15.4).
Estimates of genetic parameters of the eight seedling traits of 21 fluted pumpkin genotypes evaluated across two locations are presented in Table 4. Differences observed between PCV and GCV were higher for EI (30.4) and leaf area (50.9). Relatively high values (>40%) of PCV were indicated for EI, leaf area, ERI, SVI and dry shoot weight while moderately high values (20% to 40%) were observed for E% and vine length. Dry shoot weight had high GCV value of 55.85% while had moderately high values except number of leaves. Heritability estimates (broad-sense) above 50% were observed for leaf area (82.0%), dry shoot weight (77.8%), E% (70.8%), and SVI (52.0%). High heritability estimates were accompanied by high genetic advance for E% (38.4%), SVI (38.1%), and leaf area (15.4%) while other traits had relatively low genetic advance values.
The phenotypic correlation coefficients among the eight seedling traits of fluted pumpkin genotypes evaluated at two locations is presented in Table 5. At both locations SVI had positive and significant correlation with all the traits except ERI that had negative significant correlation with SVI. However, EI was not significant with SVI in Abeokuta. Generally, E%, vine length, and leaf area had positive significant correlations with most of the traits across the two locations. Whereas, ERI had negative significant correlations with all the traits across the two locations except with EI in Akure. Locational differences were obtained in the values of correlation coefficients among some of the traits. For instance different results were obtained for EI and ERI in both locations.
Early seedling vigour is important to predict performance of individual plants in terms of survival, establishment, competition, and yield. Therefore, knowledge of genetic variability of seedling traits would aid in the choice of effective and efficient breeding method that will accelerate the pace of improvement in seedling traits. The genotypes used in this study were highly variable for the evaluated seedling traits. Hence, there is a potential for selection among the fluted pumpkin genotypes used in the study. Genetic variation in seedling traits among genotypes of crops like maize, cowpea, and rice have been reported by Fakorede and Ojo (1981), Ajala et al. (2003), and Okelola et al. (2007), respectively. Existence of large genetic variations have also been reported for some growth and yield traits in the crop (Aremu and Adewale 2012; Fayeun et al. 2012; Chukwudi and Agbo 2014; Fayeun and Odiyi 2015). It was observed that no single fluted pumpkin genotype had the highest value for all the seedling characters evaluated in the study. Therefore, this information on the variability of seedling characters among the genotypes will help guide hybridization in the breeding programme of fluted pumpkin. Accordingly, genotypes Ftn45, Ftn43, Ftn57, Fte41, Ftn61, and Ftm11 which had above average values for most of the seedling traits might be regarded as promising genotypes on which improvement can be based.
The relative values of PCV and GCV give an idea about the magnitude of variability present in a genetic population. The high values of PCV and GCV for the evaluated traits revealed that the genotypes used have broad base variation for these traits. Knowledge of heritability influences the choice of selection procedures used by the plant breeder to decide which selection methods would be most useful to improve the character, to predict gain from selection and to determine the relative importance of genetic effects (Waqar-Ul-Haq et al. 2008; Laghari et al. 2010). Therefore, the traits (leaf area, dry shoot weight, E%, and SVI) with high heritability values have good selection potentials. The closer the heritability estimate of a character is to 100%, the less the character is subjected to the environmental influence and the easier it is to make progress through selection (Ojo et al. 2006). Furthermore, the expression of these seedling traits (leaf area, dry shoot weight, E%, and SVI) were under genetic factors, indicating low environmental influence. However, it has been emphasized that heritability alone has no practical importance without genetic advance (Najeeb et al. 2009). In this study, the high heritability estimates that accompanied high genetic advance for E%, SVI, and leaf area is an indication that these traits are governed by additive gene action and, therefore provides the most effective condition for selection (Tazeen et al. 2009). The moderate heritability estimates observed for EI and ERI might be due to the fact that they depend on other variables which are under environmental influence. According to Falconer (1980) more variable conditions reduce the heritability, whereas uniform conditions increase it.
Information on characters association in crop makes simultaneous selection of more than one character possible and the information is derived from correlation analysis. The fact that SVI E%, vine length, and leaf area had positive and significant correlation with most of the traits might implies that, selection for any of these traits might lead to improvement of most other traits and they can be used as selection criteria in fluted pumpkin when breeding for improved seedling vigour and yield. Adeyemo and Fakorede (1995) have shown that seedling vigour can be used as a selection criterion when breeding for improved yield in maize. Also, Fayeun and Odiyi (2015) suggested that marketable leaf yield can be improved by selecting for vine length and leaf area in fluted pumpkin. The locational differences obtained in the values of correlation coefficients among some of the traits especially EI and ERI might due to significant location by genotype interaction observed in this study. Significant environment (location) by genotype interaction have been reported to complicate selection of superior genotypes (Magari and Kang 1993; Ebdon and Gauch 2002) and reduces correlation between phenotypic and genotypic values, thereby reducing selection progress (Fan et al. 2007). Therefore care must be taken when selecting for these type of traits (EI and ERI) because they appear to be highly influenced by the environment and would not be good selection criteria for the crop.
In conclusion, the study revealed wide genetic variability for E%, EI, ERI, vine length, leaf area, SVI, and dry shoot weight. Genotypes Ftn45, Ftn43, Ftn57, Fte41, Ftn61, and Ftm11 which had above average values for most of the seedling traits evaluated in the study were the best genotypes. The estimates of heritability with genetic advance revealed that E%, SVI, and leaf area had high selection values with less environmental influence. SVI, E%, vine length, and leaf area had significant association with most of the traits and they can be used as selection criteria in fluted pumpkin. Therefore, genetic improvement of early seedling vigour will be possible for the breeding programme in fluted pumpkin.
Table 1
Places of collection and seed characteristics of the twenty one fluted pumpkin genotypes.
Table 1
Genotype Places of collection Seed weight (g) Seed length (cm) Seed width (cm)
Agro-ecology State Town
Fts33 Rainforest Osun Ikeji 20.35 3.37 3.67
Fty28 Rainforest Oyo Ibadan 22.45 4.50 4.67
Ftn46 Rainforest Ondo Igbara-Oke 16.0 4.20 4.50
Ftn45 Rainforest Ondo Akure 24.67 3.20 3.99
Ftm11 Rainforest Imo Orlu 19.0 3.30 3.70
Ftk16 Rainforest Ekiti Emure 8.0 3.0 2.90
Fte42 Derived savannah Enugu Enugu 11.0 3.20 3.40
Ftg22 Derived savannah Ogun Abeokuta 8.0 3.30 3.30
Ftk21 Rainforest Ekiti Emure 13.20 4.0 3.80
Fte41 Derived savannah Enugu Enugu 21.0 3.60 4.50
Ftn44 Rainforest Ondo Akure 11.0 3.20 3.50
Fty29 Rainforest Oyo Ibadan 17.60 4.0 4.80
Ftn43 Rainforest Ondo Igbara-Oke 16.0 3.80 3.70
Ftr15 Rainforest Anambra Onitsha 11.80 3.40 3.60
Ftn57 Rainforest Ondo Akure 3.20 3.40 1.0
Fte40 Derived savannah Enugu Enugu 11.0 3.20 3.50
Ftn54 Rainforest Ondo Akure 11.90 30.73 3.14
Ftn60 Rainforest Ondo Igbara-Oke 20.68 31.70 3.94
Ftn62 Rainforest Ondo Ondo 15.40 3.10 3.80
Fty31 Rainforest Oyo Ibadan 21.0 3.90 4.0
Ftn61 Rainforest Ondo Ogbese 19.30 33.48 3.61
Table 2
Mean squares for eight seedling traits evaluated in twenty one fluted pumpkin genotypes at two locations.
Table 2
Source of variation DFz) Emergence percentage (%) Emergence index Emergence rate index Seedling vigour index Vine length (cm) Leaf area (cm2) Number of leaves Dry shoot weight (g)
Replicates 2 248.40 11.00 8.75 6,351.41 21.30 4.77 0.67 0.01
Genotypes (G) 20 1,688.90** 35.26** 176.80** 28,084.17** 58.13** 219.79** 2.75** 0.44**
Locations (L) 1 1,467.50 10.77** 77.22 42,936.24** 1,560.11** 869.81** 5.37** 1.07**
G×L 20 817.50** 17.67** 93.23** 22,688.55** 58.91** 86.62** 2.32** 0.24**
Error 82 199.60 8.97 62.00 5,602.20 17.68 15.01 0.74 0.04
CV (%) 20.03 23.13 39.27 32.45 23.39 21.18 10.69 29.04

**Significant at α=0.01.

z)CV: coefficient of variation; DF: degree of freedom.

Table 3
Mean performance of 21 fluted pumpkin genotypes for seedling characters evaluated across two locations.
Table 3
Genotype Emergence (%) Emergence index Emergence rate index Seedling vigour index Vine length (cm) Leaf area (cm2) Number of leaves Dry shoot weight (g)
Fts33 76.70a-d 20.18a 26.08a–d 23.70a–e 17.89a–e 23.37a–c 7.67b–d 0.64e–j
Fty28 50.0f–h 11.71cd 27.82ab 13.96ef 16.69b–f 19.33b–e 8.33a–d 0.55j–l
Ftn46 65.0c–g 18.32ab 29.84a 18.26c–f 15.94b–f 5.93f 8.50a–c 0.46h–m
Ftn45 94.80a 15.15bc 15.81c–d 31.98a 18.47a–d 16.35e 8.88ab 0.72d–h
Ftm11 83.30a–c 13.0cd 15.39c–d 29.42ab 20.44ab 23.84ab 9.0a 1.30a
Ftk16 66.70c–f 11.22cd 18.35b–e 16.47d–f 11.60f 9.86f 7.50cd 0.48j–m
Fte42 40.0h 11.50cd 26.61a–c 17.15c–f 21.75ab 21.07a–d 8.0a–d 0.61f–i
Ftg22 70.0b–e 14.08cd 21.30a–e 25.74a–d 21.49ab 23.07a–d 7.83a–d 0.92b–d
Ftk21 46.70g–h 12.39cd 27.03ab 12.62f 12.62ef 6.70f 6.0d 0.23m
Fte41 90.0a 12.56cd 12.67e 32.15a 20.76ab 18.22c–e 7.83a–d 0.70d–i
Ftn44 66.70c–f 11.82cd 19.44a–e 27.20a–c 19.92a–c 24.10ab 8.67a–c 0.69d–i
Fty29 46.70gh 11.13cd 27.78ab 13.31f 17.65a–e 18.20c–e 8.0a–d 0.45i–m
Ftn43 93.30a 13.36cd 14.02e 28.94ab 16.08b–f 15.38e 7.83a–d 0.43j–m
Ftr15 76.70a–d 11.99cd 17.01b–e 20.99b–f 16.98a–f 18.04de 7.67b–d 0.76c–g
Ftn57 93.30a 11.52cd 12.17e 31.21a 20.81ab 25.43a 8.33a–d 1.07b
Fte40 83.30a–c 12.47cd 17.17b–e 31.25a 22.79a 22.35a–d 8.67a–c 0.88b–e
Ftn54 56.70e–h 11.93cd 21.25a–e 18.58c–f 17.75a–e 19.03b–e 7.17d 0.31lm
Ftn60 56.70e–h 9.92d 17.81b–e 20.07b–f 13.83d–f 8.53f 7.67b–d 0.36lm
Ftn62 76.70a–d 13.08cd 20.21a–e 23.48a–e 18.47a–d 25.69a 7.50cd 0.83b–f
Fty31 63.30e–g 10.84d 17.01c–e 16.29d–f 14.47c–f 19.23b–e 8.50a–c 0.56g–i
Ftn61 86.70ab 13.77cd 16.12c–d 31.91a 20.88ab 21.93a–d 8.50a–c 1.0bc
Mean 70.55 12.95 20.05 23.06 17.98 18.29 8.0 0.66

Means in a column with the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan Multiple Range Test (P≤0.05).

Table 4
Estimates of genetic parameters of 8 seedling traits of 21 fluted pumpkin genotypes evaluated across two locations.
Table 4
Characteristic Phenotypic coefficient of variability (%) Genetic coefficient of variability (%) Broad sense heritability (%) Genetic advance
Emergence (%) 37.31 31.40 70.84 38.37
Emergence index 69.86 39.43 31.85 2.35
Emergence rate index 50.01 30.76 37.82 7.82
Seedling vigour index 49.41 35.62 51.98 38.09
Vine length (cm) 31.65 20.74 42.94 5.01
Leaf area (cm2) 75.44 24.57 82.0 15.42
Number of leaves 15.93 9.67 36.88 0.96
Dry shoot weight (g) 63.32 55.85 77.78 0.68
Table 5
Phenotypic correlation coefficients among the eight seedling traits in fluted pumpkin genotypes.
Table 5
Characteristic Location Emergence index Emergence rate index Vine length (cm) Leaf area (cm2) Dry shoot weight (g) Number of leaves Seedling vigour index
Emergence (%) Abeokuta 0.40** −0.88** 0.94** 0.34* 0.20 0.75** 0.37*
Akure 0.30* −0.67** 0.43** 0.37** 0.44** 0.23 0.89**
Emergence index Abeokuta −0.03 0.34* 0.30* −0.39* 0.13 0.05
Akure 0.44** 0.18 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.27*
Emergence rate index Abeokuta −0.83** −0.17 −0.26* −0.70** −0.33*
Akure −0.26* −0.19 −0.25* −0.01 −0.61**
Vine length (cm) Abeokuta 0.56** 0.05 0.77** 0.41**
Akure 0.88** 0.83** 0.38* 0.67**
Leaf area (cm2) Abeokuta −0.07 0.60** 0.47**
Akure 0.70** 0.27* 0.57**
Dry shoot weight (g) Abeokuta 0.50** 0.28**
Akure 0.56** 0.61**
Number of leaves Abeokuta 0.60**
Akure 0.29*

*, **Statistically significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.

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Estimates of Genetic Variability for Seedling Traits in Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F)
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2016;4(2):262-270.   Published online May 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2016.4.2.262
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Estimates of Genetic Variability for Seedling Traits in Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F)
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2016;4(2):262-270.   Published online May 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2016.4.2.262
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Estimates of Genetic Variability for Seedling Traits in Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F)
Estimates of Genetic Variability for Seedling Traits in Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F)

Places of collection and seed characteristics of the twenty one fluted pumpkin genotypes.

Genotype Places of collection Seed weight (g) Seed length (cm) Seed width (cm)
Agro-ecology State Town
Fts33 Rainforest Osun Ikeji 20.35 3.37 3.67
Fty28 Rainforest Oyo Ibadan 22.45 4.50 4.67
Ftn46 Rainforest Ondo Igbara-Oke 16.0 4.20 4.50
Ftn45 Rainforest Ondo Akure 24.67 3.20 3.99
Ftm11 Rainforest Imo Orlu 19.0 3.30 3.70
Ftk16 Rainforest Ekiti Emure 8.0 3.0 2.90
Fte42 Derived savannah Enugu Enugu 11.0 3.20 3.40
Ftg22 Derived savannah Ogun Abeokuta 8.0 3.30 3.30
Ftk21 Rainforest Ekiti Emure 13.20 4.0 3.80
Fte41 Derived savannah Enugu Enugu 21.0 3.60 4.50
Ftn44 Rainforest Ondo Akure 11.0 3.20 3.50
Fty29 Rainforest Oyo Ibadan 17.60 4.0 4.80
Ftn43 Rainforest Ondo Igbara-Oke 16.0 3.80 3.70
Ftr15 Rainforest Anambra Onitsha 11.80 3.40 3.60
Ftn57 Rainforest Ondo Akure 3.20 3.40 1.0
Fte40 Derived savannah Enugu Enugu 11.0 3.20 3.50
Ftn54 Rainforest Ondo Akure 11.90 30.73 3.14
Ftn60 Rainforest Ondo Igbara-Oke 20.68 31.70 3.94
Ftn62 Rainforest Ondo Ondo 15.40 3.10 3.80
Fty31 Rainforest Oyo Ibadan 21.0 3.90 4.0
Ftn61 Rainforest Ondo Ogbese 19.30 33.48 3.61

Mean squares for eight seedling traits evaluated in twenty one fluted pumpkin genotypes at two locations.

Source of variation DFz) Emergence percentage (%) Emergence index Emergence rate index Seedling vigour index Vine length (cm) Leaf area (cm2) Number of leaves Dry shoot weight (g)
Replicates 2 248.40 11.00 8.75 6,351.41 21.30 4.77 0.67 0.01
Genotypes (G) 20 1,688.90** 35.26** 176.80** 28,084.17** 58.13** 219.79** 2.75** 0.44**
Locations (L) 1 1,467.50 10.77** 77.22 42,936.24** 1,560.11** 869.81** 5.37** 1.07**
G×L 20 817.50** 17.67** 93.23** 22,688.55** 58.91** 86.62** 2.32** 0.24**
Error 82 199.60 8.97 62.00 5,602.20 17.68 15.01 0.74 0.04
CV (%) 20.03 23.13 39.27 32.45 23.39 21.18 10.69 29.04

**Significant at α=0.01.

z)CV: coefficient of variation; DF: degree of freedom.

Mean performance of 21 fluted pumpkin genotypes for seedling characters evaluated across two locations.

Genotype Emergence (%) Emergence index Emergence rate index Seedling vigour index Vine length (cm) Leaf area (cm2) Number of leaves Dry shoot weight (g)
Fts33 76.70a-d 20.18a 26.08a–d 23.70a–e 17.89a–e 23.37a–c 7.67b–d 0.64e–j
Fty28 50.0f–h 11.71cd 27.82ab 13.96ef 16.69b–f 19.33b–e 8.33a–d 0.55j–l
Ftn46 65.0c–g 18.32ab 29.84a 18.26c–f 15.94b–f 5.93f 8.50a–c 0.46h–m
Ftn45 94.80a 15.15bc 15.81c–d 31.98a 18.47a–d 16.35e 8.88ab 0.72d–h
Ftm11 83.30a–c 13.0cd 15.39c–d 29.42ab 20.44ab 23.84ab 9.0a 1.30a
Ftk16 66.70c–f 11.22cd 18.35b–e 16.47d–f 11.60f 9.86f 7.50cd 0.48j–m
Fte42 40.0h 11.50cd 26.61a–c 17.15c–f 21.75ab 21.07a–d 8.0a–d 0.61f–i
Ftg22 70.0b–e 14.08cd 21.30a–e 25.74a–d 21.49ab 23.07a–d 7.83a–d 0.92b–d
Ftk21 46.70g–h 12.39cd 27.03ab 12.62f 12.62ef 6.70f 6.0d 0.23m
Fte41 90.0a 12.56cd 12.67e 32.15a 20.76ab 18.22c–e 7.83a–d 0.70d–i
Ftn44 66.70c–f 11.82cd 19.44a–e 27.20a–c 19.92a–c 24.10ab 8.67a–c 0.69d–i
Fty29 46.70gh 11.13cd 27.78ab 13.31f 17.65a–e 18.20c–e 8.0a–d 0.45i–m
Ftn43 93.30a 13.36cd 14.02e 28.94ab 16.08b–f 15.38e 7.83a–d 0.43j–m
Ftr15 76.70a–d 11.99cd 17.01b–e 20.99b–f 16.98a–f 18.04de 7.67b–d 0.76c–g
Ftn57 93.30a 11.52cd 12.17e 31.21a 20.81ab 25.43a 8.33a–d 1.07b
Fte40 83.30a–c 12.47cd 17.17b–e 31.25a 22.79a 22.35a–d 8.67a–c 0.88b–e
Ftn54 56.70e–h 11.93cd 21.25a–e 18.58c–f 17.75a–e 19.03b–e 7.17d 0.31lm
Ftn60 56.70e–h 9.92d 17.81b–e 20.07b–f 13.83d–f 8.53f 7.67b–d 0.36lm
Ftn62 76.70a–d 13.08cd 20.21a–e 23.48a–e 18.47a–d 25.69a 7.50cd 0.83b–f
Fty31 63.30e–g 10.84d 17.01c–e 16.29d–f 14.47c–f 19.23b–e 8.50a–c 0.56g–i
Ftn61 86.70ab 13.77cd 16.12c–d 31.91a 20.88ab 21.93a–d 8.50a–c 1.0bc
Mean 70.55 12.95 20.05 23.06 17.98 18.29 8.0 0.66

Means in a column with the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan Multiple Range Test (P≤0.05).

Estimates of genetic parameters of 8 seedling traits of 21 fluted pumpkin genotypes evaluated across two locations.

Characteristic Phenotypic coefficient of variability (%) Genetic coefficient of variability (%) Broad sense heritability (%) Genetic advance
Emergence (%) 37.31 31.40 70.84 38.37
Emergence index 69.86 39.43 31.85 2.35
Emergence rate index 50.01 30.76 37.82 7.82
Seedling vigour index 49.41 35.62 51.98 38.09
Vine length (cm) 31.65 20.74 42.94 5.01
Leaf area (cm2) 75.44 24.57 82.0 15.42
Number of leaves 15.93 9.67 36.88 0.96
Dry shoot weight (g) 63.32 55.85 77.78 0.68

Phenotypic correlation coefficients among the eight seedling traits in fluted pumpkin genotypes.

Characteristic Location Emergence index Emergence rate index Vine length (cm) Leaf area (cm2) Dry shoot weight (g) Number of leaves Seedling vigour index
Emergence (%) Abeokuta 0.40** −0.88** 0.94** 0.34* 0.20 0.75** 0.37*
Akure 0.30* −0.67** 0.43** 0.37** 0.44** 0.23 0.89**
Emergence index Abeokuta −0.03 0.34* 0.30* −0.39* 0.13 0.05
Akure 0.44** 0.18 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.27*
Emergence rate index Abeokuta −0.83** −0.17 −0.26* −0.70** −0.33*
Akure −0.26* −0.19 −0.25* −0.01 −0.61**
Vine length (cm) Abeokuta 0.56** 0.05 0.77** 0.41**
Akure 0.88** 0.83** 0.38* 0.67**
Leaf area (cm2) Abeokuta −0.07 0.60** 0.47**
Akure 0.70** 0.27* 0.57**
Dry shoot weight (g) Abeokuta 0.50** 0.28**
Akure 0.56** 0.61**
Number of leaves Abeokuta 0.60**
Akure 0.29*

*, **Statistically significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.

Table 1 Places of collection and seed characteristics of the twenty one fluted pumpkin genotypes.
Table 2 Mean squares for eight seedling traits evaluated in twenty one fluted pumpkin genotypes at two locations.

Significant at α=0.01.

CV: coefficient of variation; DF: degree of freedom.

Table 3 Mean performance of 21 fluted pumpkin genotypes for seedling characters evaluated across two locations.

Means in a column with the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan Multiple Range Test (P≤0.05).

Table 4 Estimates of genetic parameters of 8 seedling traits of 21 fluted pumpkin genotypes evaluated across two locations.
Table 5 Phenotypic correlation coefficients among the eight seedling traits in fluted pumpkin genotypes.

Statistically significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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