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Research Article

Image Based-Phenotyping and Selection Index Based on Multivariate Analysis for Rice Hydroponic Screening under Drought Stress

Adinda Asri Laraswati1, Rusnadi Padjung2, Muh Farid2,*, Nasaruddin Nasaruddin2, Muhammad Fuad Anshori2, Amin Nur3, Andi Isti Sakinah1
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2021;9(4):272-286.
Published online: December 1, 2021

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*Corresponding author Muh Farid, farid_deni@yahoo.co.id, Tel: +62-813-5504-1712, Fax: +62-813-5504-1712
• Received: May 4, 2021   • Revised: August 21, 2021   • Accepted: October 12, 2021

Copyright © 2021 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Image Based-Phenotyping and Selection Index Based on Multivariate Analysis for Rice Hydroponic Screening under Drought Stress
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2021;9(4):272-286.   Published online December 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2021.9.4.272
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Image Based-Phenotyping and Selection Index Based on Multivariate Analysis for Rice Hydroponic Screening under Drought Stress
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2021;9(4):272-286.   Published online December 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2021.9.4.272
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Image Based-Phenotyping and Selection Index Based on Multivariate Analysis for Rice Hydroponic Screening under Drought Stress
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Images of static hydroponic system at 20 DAS (a) and dinamic hydroponic system at 33 DAS (b).
Fig. 2 RGB images of IR 20 and Salumpikit under drought stress at 30 DAS in static hydroponic.
Fig. 3 RGB images of IR 20 and Salumpikit under drought stress at 68 DAS in dynamic hydroponic.
Fig. 4 Analysis of static hydroponic selection index regression on dynamic hydroponic.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Image Based-Phenotyping and Selection Index Based on Multivariate Analysis for Rice Hydroponic Screening under Drought Stress

Phenotyping characters used to analyze growth and drought-related traits.

Characters Description
Shoot fresh weight (SFW) The weight of the fresh shoot at the end of observation.
Root fresh weight (RFW) The weight of the fresh root at the end of observation.
2nd leaf length (LL2) The length of the 2nd leaf from the tip of the plant.
3rd leaf length (LL3) The length of the 3rd leaf from the tip of the plant.
4th leaf length (LL4) The length of the 4thleaf from the tip of the plant.
Shoot area (SA) The number of pixels scaled in cm on the shoot of the plant.
Green shoot area (GSA) The number of pixels that have been scaled in cm in the shoot section has a hue value of 50.
Convex hull area (CT for top and CS for side) The smallest area is covered by theouter contour of an object.
Object extend X (XT for top and XS for side) The length of the X-axis of the rectangle covering the object is used to measure the width of the plant.
Object extend Y (YT for top and YS for side) The length of the Y-axis of the rectangle covering the object is used to measure the height of the plant.
Number of leaves (NL) The numberof leaf tips visible from above the plant.
Area growth rate (AGR) Dividing the difference in shoot area between the drought stress treatment intervals by drought stress treatment time (days).
Red (R) Color is measured by averaging the Red color value of all pixels in the shoot. RGB values are between 0 (no color) and 255 (maximum color).
Green (G) Color is measured by averaging the Green color value of all pixels in the shoot. RGB values are between 0 (no color) and 255 (maximum color).
Blue (B) Color is measured by averaging the Blue color value of all pixels in the shoot. RGB values are between 0 (no color) and 255 (maximum color).

Means square value of analysis of variance on the static hydroponic method.

Characters D V D × V
SFW 178.73 ** 28.92 ** 10.37 **
RFW 24.77 ** 7.3 ** 1.96 **
LL2 1,486.95 ** 326.19 ** 14.68 ns
LL3 1,471.64 ** 466.95 ** 49.37 *
LL4 669.49 ** 188.37 ** 28.07 ns
SA 65,556.88 ** 13,117.85 ** 3,438.49 **
GSA 61,237.72 ** 9,849.18 ** 3,261.87 **
R 3,460.07 ** 86.95 ns 748.95 ns
G 879.98 Ns 87.35 ns 1,498.13 ns
B 1,680.60 * 96.75 ns 272.54 ns
RRG 0.6 Ns 0.8 ns 0.96 ns
RGSS 0.57 Ns 0.02 ns 0.03 ns
AGR 202.25 ** 32.11 ** 10.6 **

Correlation analysis of STI values on the static hydroponic method.

RFW LL3 SA GSA AGR SFW
RFW 1 1 1 1 1 1
LL3 0.745 ** 0.789 ** 0.991 ** 0.977 ** 0.981 **
SA 0.983 ** 0.748 ** 0.984 ** 0.978 **
GSA 0.984 ** 0.802 ** 0.981 **
AGR 0.963 ** 0.769 **
SFW 0.982 **

Path analysis of the STI value on shoot fresh weight on the static hydroponic method.

Characters Direct influence Indirect influence Residual
RFW LL3 SA GSA AGR
RFW 0.600** ‒0.006 ‒0.108 ‒0.059 0.555 0.589
LL3 ‒0.009 0.447 ‒0.086 ‒0.045 0.461 ‒0.007
SA ‒0.109 0.59 ‒0.007 ‒0.059 0.567 ‒0.107
GSA ‒0.060 0.59 ‒0.006 ‒0.108 0.562 ‒0.059
AGR 0.576** 0.578 ‒0.007 ‒0.108 ‒0.059 0.565

Path analysis of the STI value on root fresh weight on the static hydroponic method.

Characters Direct influence Indirect influence Residual
LL3 SA GSA AGR SFW
LL3 ‒0.013 0.389 0.282 ‒0.335 0.421 ‒0.010
SA 0.493** ‒0.010 0.374 ‒0.411 0.538 0.485
GSA 0.377** ‒0.010 0.488 ‒0.408 0.536 0.371
AGR ‒0.417** ‒0.010 0.485 0.369 0.537 ‒0.402
SFW 0.548** ‒0.010 0.484 0.369 ‒0.409 0.538

Principle component analysis of the STI value on the static hydroponic method.

Variables PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6
RFW 0.4162 ‒0.2267 0.6382 ‒0.195 0.4902 0.2996
SFW 0.4183 ‒0.1602 ‒0.1349 ‒0.7478 ‒0.4166 ‒0.2201
LL3 0.3527 0.9258 0.1169 ‒0.0058 ‒0.053 0.0447
SA 0.421 ‒0.1139 0.0357 0.3858 0.1809 ‒0.7918
GSA 0.4177 ‒0.2224 0.1076 0.5005 ‒0.6192 0.3613
AGR 0.4192 ‒0.0579 ‒0.7403 0.0585 0.4089 0.3198
CP 0.9284 0.9881 0.9935 0.9975 0.9989 1
EV 5.5707 0.3578 0.0324 0.0243 0.0083 0.0064

Means square value of analysis of variance on the dynamic hydroponic method.

Characters D V D × V
SFW 8,042.24 ** 319.95 ns 376.25 ns
RFW 467.01 ** 53.23 ns 14.64 ns
CT 81,129,688.30 ** 4,224,903.16 ns 1,562,942.10 ns
SAT 5,571,152.36 ** 474,034.51 ns 97,115.97 ns
GSAT 3,072,273.82 ** 333,330.03 ns 80,272.07 ns
NLT 2,478.87 ** 617.19 * 156.84 ns
RT 3,946.91 ** 462.79 ** 189.34 *
GT 4,734.46 ** 241.02 ns 59 ns
BT 505.53 ** 193.2 ** 74.72 *
RRGT 0.0051 ns 0.0082 ns 0.0099 ns
RGSST 0.0083 ns 0.0674 ns 0.048 ns
RSCT 0.0226 ** 0.0085 ** 0.001 *
XS 300.57 ** 174.52 * 66.56 ns
YS 1,636.09 ** 147.66 ** 110.49 **
SAS 3,696,517.43 ** 280,606.15 ns 91,206.26 ns
GSAS 1,651,359.59 ** 212,567.33 ns 68,283.65 ns
CS 48,116,645.30 ** 6,716,755.96 ** 947,650.84 *
RGSSS 0.0853 * 0.0141 ns 0.0082 ns
RSCS 0.0463 ** 0.0063 ns 0.0024 ns

Correlation analysis of STI values on the dynamic hydroponic method.

RT BT RSCT YS CS SH index
RT 1
BT 0.88 ** 1
RSCT ‒0.74 * ‒0.84 ** 1
YS ‒0.48 ns ‒0.24 ns 0.3 ns 1
CS ‒0.30 ns ‒0.03 ns 0.14 ns 0.97 ** 1
SH index ‒0.16 ns ‒0.04 ns 0.19 ns 0.9 ** 0.91 ** 1

Principle component analysis of the STI value on the dynamic hydroponic method.

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5
RT ‒0.5098 0.2535 ‒0.4404 0.4184 ‒0.5539
BT ‒0.4794 0.4091 ‒0.3104 ‒0.3116 0.6399
RSCT 0.4142 ‒0.3275 ‒0.8412 ‒0.0971 0.0643
YS 0.4516 0.4988 ‒0.0229 0.6615 0.3305
CS 0.3671 0.6422 ‒0.0396 ‒0.53 ‒0.4128
CP 0.5883 0.8544 0.9536 0.9801 1
EV 2.9414 1.3306 0.496 0.1322 0.0997

Selection index on static and dynamic hydroponics.

Varieties Treatments SH index DH index
Inpari 34 PEG 10% 0.61 0.31
IR 20 PEG 10% 0.27 0.23
Salumpikit PEG 10% 2.03 0.53
Ciherang PEG 10% 0.59 0.35
Jeliteng PEG 10% 0.78 0.34
Inpari 34 PEG 20% 0.12 0.22
IR 20 PEG 20% 0.11 0.22
Salumpikit PEG 20% 0.39 0.36
Ciherang PEG 20% 0.25 0.27
Jeliteng PEG 20% 0.16 0.3
Table 1 Phenotyping characters used to analyze growth and drought-related traits.
Table 2 Means square value of analysis of variance on the static hydroponic method.

D: Drought level, V: Variety, *: Significant effect at P ≤ 0.05, **: Significant effect at P ≤ 0.01, ns: Not significant, SFW: Shoot freshweight, RFW: Root fresh weight, LL2: 2nd leaf length, LL3: 3rd leaf length, LL4: 4th leaf length, SA: Shoot area, GSA: Green shoot area, R: Red, G: Green, B: Blue, RRG: Ratio of red to green, RGSS: Ratio of green shoot area to shoot area, AGR: Area growth rate.

Table 3 Correlation analysis of STI values on the static hydroponic method.

The numeric in table indicate the correlation value. *: Significant correlated at P ≤ 0.05, **: Significant correlated at P ≤ 0.01, SFW: Shoot freshweight, RFW: Root fresh weight, LL3: 3rd leaf length, SA: Shoot area, GSA: Green shoot area, AGR: Area growth rate.

Table 4 Path analysis of the STI value on shoot fresh weight on the static hydroponic method.

R2: 0.86, **: Significant direct effect at P ≤ 0.01, RFW: Root fresh weight, LL3: 3rd leaf length, SA: Shoot area, GSA: Green shoot area, AGR: Area growth rate.

Table 5 Path analysis of the STI value on root fresh weight on the static hydroponic method.

R2: 0.87, **: Significant direct effect at P ≤ 0.01, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, LL3: 3rd leaf length, SA: Shoot area, GSA: Green shoot area, AGR: Area growth rate.

Table 6 Principle component analysis of the STI value on the static hydroponic method.

The numeric in table indicate the eigenvector value, CP: Cumulative proportion, EV: Eigenvalues, PC: Principal component, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, RFW: Root fresh weight, LL3: 3rd leaf length, SA: Shoot area, GSA: Green shoot area, AGR: Area growth rate.

Table 7 Means square value of analysis of variance on the dynamic hydroponic method.

D: Drought level, V: Varieties, *: Significant effect at P ≤ 0.05, **: Significant effect at P ≤ 0.01, ns: Not significant, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, RFW: Root fresh weight, CT: Convex hull from top view, SAT: Shoot area from top view, GSAT: Green shoot area from top view, NLT: Number of leaves from top view, RT: Red from top view, GT: Green from top view, BT: Blue from top view, RRGT: Ratio of red to green from top view, RGSST: Ratio of shoot green area to shoot area from top view, RSCT: Ratio of shoot area to convex hull from top view, XS: Object extend X from side view, YS: Object extend Y from side view, SAS: Shoot area from side view, GSAS: Green shoot area from side view, CS: Convex hull from side view, RGSSS: Ratio of green shoot area to shoot area from side view, RSCS: Ratio of shoot area to convex hull from side view.

Table 8 Correlation analysis of STI values on the dynamic hydroponic method.

The numeric in table indicate the correlation value, *: Significant correlated at P ≤ 0.05, **: Significant correlated at P ≤ 0.01, ns: Not significant, RT: Red from top view, BT: Blue from top view, RSCT: Ratio of shoot area to convex hull from top view, YS: Object extend Y from side view, CS: Convex hull from side view, SH index: Static hydroponic selection index.

Table 9 Principle component analysis of the STI value on the dynamic hydroponic method.

The numeric in table indicate the eigenvector value, CP: Cumulative proportion, EV: Eigenvalues, PC: Principal component, RT: Red from top view, BT: Blue from top view, RSCT: Ratio of shoot area to convex hull from top view, YS: Object extend Y from side view, CS: Convex hull from side view.

Table 10 Selection index on static and dynamic hydroponics.

SH index: Static hydroponic selection index, DH index, Dynamic hydroponic selection index.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

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