A total of 23 elite rice cultivars from eight countries were evaluated for cold tolerance using two screening methods at Chuncheon Substation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Republic of Korea. The rice cultivars Jinbu, Mustaqillik, and Avangard showed cold tolerance and high spikelet fertility (63–79%) in cold-water irrigation screening. Under greenhouse screening, five cultivars (Giza 177, Avangard, Mustaqillik, Jinbu, and Jungan) showed high cold tolerance and high spikelet fertility (71–81%). Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis of 21 genotypes revealed two major clusters, the japonica and indica groups, with a genetic similarity of 0.69. Out of 21 rice cultivars, only four (Giza 178 from Egypt, Attey and Zakha from Bhutan, and Millin from Australia) fell under the indica cluster. The cold-tolerant varieties Jinbu, Mustaqillik, and Avangard were clustered with the japonica group, which had genetic similarity of 0.83. These varieties are considered as potential germplasm that will help diversify the japonica gene pool for cold-tolerant rice breeding. A one-way linear analysis of variance identified a significant relationship between individual alleles and traits. Three SSR markers were significantly associated with spikelet fertility under cold-water irrigation on chromosomes 1, 2, and 7. Five SSR markers were associated with spikelet fertility under a cool-environment greenhouse on chromosomes 8, 9, 10, and 12. The SSR markers associated with cold tolerance may also be useful as selection markers in indica/japonica cross combinations to improve cold tolerance.

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Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is a very important vegetable worldwide and biotic stress is a crucial issue for this crop. Enhancement of resistance by exploiting stress resistance-related genes offers the most efficient approach to address this issue. Among the stress resistance-related genes, thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) play a vital role in enhancement of resistance against stresses. In this study, we identified 12 TLPs from B. oleracea genomic DNA sequencing database, analyzed their sequences and compared with other published pathogenesis-related TLPs, and found a high degree of homology with them. In addition, these genes showed an organ-specific expression, three of which expressed differentially after Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum infection in cabbage plants. Data obtained in this study suggest the probable involvement of TLPs in resistance against soft rot disease of Brassica.

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• Antifungal activity of citral against Fusarium wilt in tomatoes and induction of the upregulation of glucanase, chitinase, and thaumatin-like protein plant defense genes
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A total of 34 T₁ transgenic rice lines overexpressing OgPR1 from wild rice (Oryza grandiglumis) were produced in the previous study. Selection of transgenic plants using hygromycin selection medium was continuously done until T₄ generation to find ten homozygous lines. These ten T₄ lines were established in the Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) field of NICS (National Institute of Crop Science) in the year of 2007. Phenotypic uniformity and performance was evaluated and compared to the control Dongjin. Two lines were selected for Preliminary Yield Trial (PYT) and Replicated Yield Trial (RYT). Based on morpho-agronomic trait performance, the transgenic plants tended to head later than the control. Culm length was similar to the wild-type Dongjin but the panicle length was relatively reduced. In case of panicle number, transgenic lines showed a little increment compared to wild-type. The shape of grain was nearly the same to wild-type. Yield among lines showed a little difference but was statistically not significant. In terms of physiochemical property of the grain, the transgenic lines showed higher amylose content than the wild-type. When OgPR1-expressing transgenic rice plants were tested against rice blast disease, an enhanced resistance against the disease was observed in the transgenic plants.

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• Crop wild relatives of major cereals and millets: an overview
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• Distribution, genetic diversity and potential spatiotemporal scale of alien gene flow in crop wild relatives of rice (Oryza spp.) in Colombia
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Newly developed shoot tips from adventitious buds induced by tissue cultured bulb-scale segments of five accessions of Lilium spp. were successfully cryopreserved by a droplet-vitrification method. Bulb-scale segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ IAA and 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ zeatin were then cold-hardened at 4°C for 7 days. The excised shoot tips were pre-cultured on solidified MS medium containing 0.3 M sucrose for 1 day at 23°C and then soaked in a mixture of 0.7 M sucrose for a day at 23°C. Pre-cultured shoot tips were cryoprotected with two loading solutions, LD1 and LD2, which included 35% and 40% plant vitrification solution (PVS3), respectively, for 40~60 min at 23°C. The cryoprotected shoot tips were then soaked in PVS2, modified PVS2 and PVS3 for 90~120 min at 23°C. The shoot tips, frozen in microdroplets of vitrification solution, were wrapped with aluminum foil strips, which were immersed rapidly in liquid nitrogen. The shoot tips were then rapidly warmed using unloading solution, transferred to a regeneration medium, stored in the dark for two weeks at 23°C, and then cultured under white fluorescent light at an intensity of 2000 lux with a 16-h photoperiod at 23°C. The average post-cryo regeneration rates of five accessions ranged from 52.7% to 87.5%.

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• Beyond the Protocol: Revisiting the Critical Role of Donor Plants in Cryopreservation of Economically Important Clonal Crops
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• Droplet-vitrification cryopreservation of shoot tips of the endangered plant Lilium tsingtauense
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• In Vitro Culture Technology and Advanced Biotechnology Tools Toward Improvement in Gladiolus (Gladiolus species): Present Scenario and Future Prospects
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  Soumaya El Merzougui, Carla Benelli, Rachida El Boullani, Mohammed Amine Serghini
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• Cryopreservation of Endangered Ornamental Plants and Fruit Crops from Tropical and Subtropical Regions
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• Genetic stability of cryopreserved ornamentalLiliumgermplasm
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• Development, progress and future prospects in cryobiotechnology of Lilium spp.
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The present study investigated the isolation and characterization of 34 polymorphic microsatellite markers developed from Actinidia arguta (Sieb. and Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. var arguta. These markers produced 349 alleles in eight Actinidia species, with an average of 10.3 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.50 to 0.87 (mean = 0.72), and polymorphism information content ranged from 0.37 to 0.88 (mean = 0.69). The phylogenetic relationship obtained using microsatellite markers showed minor clustering and population differences among species while 38 A. arguta accessions fell into two subgroups. These newly developed polymorphic microsatellite markers will be very useful in sustainable genetic conservation, marker-assisted breeding, and classification of the Actinidia genus.

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• Scientific and breeding value of wild Actinidia Sect. Leiocarpae
  X.-M. Lu, J. Wang, Z.-Z. Li, Y.-C. Wang
  Acta Horticulturae.2025; (1431): 193.     CrossRef
• Structural analysis of Actinidia arguta natural populations and preliminary application in association mapping of fruit traits
  Xue-Mei Lu, Yu-Ping Man, Rui Lei, Yongbo Liu, Jin-Hu Wu, Yan-Chang Wang
  Scientia Horticulturae.2022; 304: 111306.     CrossRef
• Ploidy levels and genetic diversity of Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq., A. kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., A. callosa Lindl., and A. melanandra Franch., accessions
  Sigita Bogačiovienė, Laima Česonienė, Sezai Ercisli, Andrius Valatavičius, Baltramiejus Jakštys, Saulius Šatkauskas, Algimantas Paulauskas
  Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution.2019; 66(5): 1107.     CrossRef
• Development and validation of polymorphic EST-SSR markers for genetic diversity analysis in Actinidia arguta
  Haiyue Sun, Jiahui Wang, Li Chen, Jian Xu, Yadong Li
  Fruits.2019; 74(1): 25.     CrossRef
• Genetic diversity of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), including Korean native A. arguta, using single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from genotyping-by-sequencing
  Sewon Oh, Mockhee Lee, Keumsun Kim, Hyeondae Han, Kyungho Won, Yong-Bum Kwack, Hyunsuk Shin, Daeil Kim
  Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.2019; 60(1): 105.     CrossRef
• Development of microsatellite markers at the National Agrobiodiversity Center in Korea for the genetic assessment of underutilized crops
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  Plant Genetic Resources.2014; 12(S1): S125.     CrossRef

Vacuolar proteins are associated with various functions, such as germination and programmed cell death (PCD) activity. Precursors of most vacuolar proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER). They are transported to the vacuoles, and converted into the mature forms. Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is responsible for maturation of vacuolar proteins. Intensive studies revealed that VPE-mediated system is important for vacuolar functions in plant. However, the role and mechanism of VPE still remain to be elucidated, especially in wheat. Here, we isolated three putative wheat VPE genes which were designated as TaVPE2, 3 and 4. To investigate the expression of TaVPEs, RT-PCR was conducted using RNAs extracted from caryopsis, pericarp, leaf and/or stem tissues at seed development stage and leaf, stem and/or root of seedling with phytohormone or abiotic stress treatment. Transcript accumulation of TaVPEs including TaVPE1 was displayed in caryopsis during seed development stage. TaVPE1, TaVPE2 and TaVPE3 were expressed in root under abiotic stress whereas they showed no or very weak expression pattern in other tissue. Promoter region of TaVPEs contain many environmental-associated and tissue-specific cis-elements. In fact, VPEs sensitively responded to certain treatment condition. TaVPEs belong to seed type VPE in phylogenetic grouping. However, expression pattern of TaVPEs is different from other seed type VPEs. The classification into vegetative and seed type VPE according to gene expression patterns cannot be applied to TaVPEs.

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• Indications of programmed cell death in wheat roots upon exposure to silver nanoparticles
  Filiz Vardar, Fatma Yanik
  Acta botanica Croatica.2025; 84(1): 91.     CrossRef
• Characterization of a vacuolar processing enzyme expressed in Arachis diogoi in resistance responses against late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata
  Dilip Kumar, Sakshi Rampuria, Naveen Kumar Singh, Pawan Shukla, P. B. Kirti
  Plant Molecular Biology.2015; 88(1-2): 177.     CrossRef
• The Amborella vacuolar processing enzyme family
  Valérie Poncet, Charlie Scutt, Rémi Tournebize, Matthieu Villegente, Gwendal Cueff, Loïc Rajjou, Thierry Balliau, Michel Zivy, Bruno Fogliani, Claudette Job, Alexandre de Kochko, Valérie Sarramegna-Burtet, Dominique Job
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef

Gene flow events from genetically modified (GM) rice to adjacent non-GM rice lines naturally happen in the field. GM rice lines containing desirable agronomic traits such as tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to biotic stresses can be used to cross with non-GM cultivated rice and also to wild species of rice. This event can eventually lead to offspring which possess traits that allows a better chance of survival in the field. However this phenomenon has the possibility to produce undesirable effect in the environment surrounding the rice field. The
objective
of this study was to determine the out-crossing rate of GM rice to cultivated rice. Transgenic rice, Hwangkembyeo (containing beta-carotene enhancing gene and bar gene) and cultivated rice, Nakdongbyeo (mother plant of Hwangkembyeo) were used in this study. Results showed that most gene flow events occurred within 1 m range. In particular, gene flow events mostly happened within 30 cm, while it was rarely observed beyond 90 cm range. The maximum distance for gene flow event was observed at 6 m range however the sharp cut point distance was observed at 60–90 cm range. The prevailing gene flow direction was Northwest (NW) which coincided with the prevailing wind of Southeastern (SE) direction. Wind direction and distance were found to be the most important factors for determining rice out-crossing rate. But for more accurate prevention of GM gene flow, many factors should be considered like the local weather condition, wind direction, wind speed and flowering time.

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• Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is predominantly cross-pollinated
  Debal Deb
  Botany Letters.2026; 173(2): 156.     CrossRef
• Assessment of potential gene flow from resveratrol-enriched genetically modified rice to non-genetically modified rice and weedy rice
  Sang Dae Yun, Sung Dug Oh, Yang Qin, Myung-Ho Lim, Hye Lin Kim, Je Yeon Choi, Eun Young Kim, Sung Aeong Oh, Seong-Kon Lee, Doh-Won Yun, Tae-Hun Ryu, Jae Kwang Kim, Soon Ki Park
  Journal of Plant Biotechnology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Pollen Quantitative and Genetic Competitiveness of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Their Effects on Gene Flow
  Ning Hu, Dantong Wang, Qianhua Yuan, Yang Liu, Huizi Jiang, Xinwu Pei
  Plants.2025; 14(13): 1980.     CrossRef
• Influence of heading date difference on gene flow from GM to non-GM rices
  Sung-Dug Oh, Ancheol Chang, Boeun Kim, Soo-In Sohn, Doh-Won Yun
  Journal of the Korean Society of International Agricultue.2018; 30(4): 347.     CrossRef

On August 2, 1999, the typhoon “Olga” with the maximum wind speed of 19.2 m/s hit the Korean peninsula and caused considerable damage to crops. Regional yield trials were at tasseling stage and were affected by the typhoon. After the storm, almost all the plants were root-lodged. This provided a rare chance to study the relationship between recovery from the lodging and reduction of grain yield in maize. Three check cultivars were examined for angle of lodging, grain yield, yield components, plant height and ear height. Six levels of leaning were classified. Plants leaning less than 10° from the vertical were considered as non-lodged. Average reduction in grain yield across five levels of lodging was 29.2% with the mean of 46.1°. The reductions of three hybrids were 25% for Suwon 19, 39.5% for Pioneer 3525 and 27.4% for DeKalb 689. R² values of grain yield on angles of lodging ranged from 0.33 for Suwon 19 to 0.51 for Pioneer 3525. The slope of the regression was lowest for Suwon 19 and highest for Pioneer 3525. Yield reduction from lodging was less severe for the locally bred Suwon 19. Reductions in yield components were also influenced by cultivars with Pioneer 3525 showing the most severe reduction. The yield components most severely affected by root lodging at the flowering time were ear length and number of kernels per row. The high reductions in yield and agronomic traits caused by root lodging justify the lodging resistance as a major breeding
objective
in Korea.

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• Derecho impacts on United States crop condition ratings and yield
  Logan R. Bundy, Kristie N. Kaminski, Alex M. Haberlie, Walker S. Ashley, Vittorio A. Gensini
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• Effect of Ridge–Furrow with Plastic Film Mulching System and Different Nitrogen Fertilization Rates on Lodging Resistance of Spring Maize in Loess Plateau China
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• Severe storm damage and short‐term weather stresses on corn: A review
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  Jiyong Peng, Liang Lu, Mehmood Ali Noor, Shuyan Li, Wei Ma, Jing Wang
  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Moonju Kim, Kyungil Sung
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  Alexander J. Lindsey, Allen B. Geyer, Rich Minyo, Peter R. Thomison
  Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of imposed root lodging on corn growth and yield
  Alexander J. Lindsey, Paul R. Carter, Peter R. Thomison
  Agronomy Journal.2021; 113(6): 5054.     CrossRef
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  Kaixian Wu, Feng Zhou, Shiyong Zhou, Xiaoyun Zhang, Bozhi Wu
  Plant Production Science.2020; 23(3): 286.     CrossRef

Grain development has been shown to involve a complex series of physiological and molecular events. In order to provide information on molecular events during grain development, we isolated four noble genes, HvSAMS1, 2, 3 and 4 (Hordeum vulgare S-AdenosylMethionine Synthetase1, 2, 3 and 4). The four HvSAMS genes were closely related based on peptide comparisons and sequence homologies that ranged from 89% to 99%. To determine the developmental expression of HvSAMS genes, Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR were performed with the kernels of −3 to 30 days after fertilization (DAF). The transcripts of HvSAMS1 and 3 genes peaked at −3 DAF that lasted until 7 DAF, and started to reduce at 10 DAF. A strong expression signal of HvSAMS2 was detected from −3 DAF and reached the maximum level at 3 DAF, then decreased until 30 DAF. The expression of HvSAMS4 initially elevated from −3 DAF, reaching the peak at 10 DAF, and decreased gradually until 30 DAF. The HvSAMS gene transcripts were accumulated abundantly in grains, stems and leaves. To evaluate subcellular localization molecular functions of HvSAMS1 gene, we transformed the HvSAMS1 gene into onion epidermal cell and Arabidopsis. Expression of HvSAMS1 recognized by 35S::HvSAMS1::GFP was detected in the nucleus and slightly in the cytosol, whereas 35S::GFP expressed throughout the cell. The transgenic lines showed slightly early germination on MS-medium containing 1 μM GA₃ coupled with accelerated extension of bolts. The HvSAMS genes were dominantly expressed in grains during grain development (3 DAF). The HvSAMS genes showed various transcript accumulations in response to the abiotic stresses and exogenous application of phytohormones. Especially, HvSAMS genes were regulated by exogenous GA₃. The subcellular localization of HvSAMS1 and histochemical localization of HvSAMS2 promoter provided opportunities to elucidate their possible cellular functions. The phenotypic attributes displayed by HvSAMS1 overexpressing transgenic plants suggested the role of HvSAMS1 in the germination and GA₃ response mechanism.

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  Man Bo Lee, Jae Yoon Kim
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• Calcium/calmodulin modulates salt responses by binding a novel interacting protein SAMS1 in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a phenomenon specific to plant reproduction that has been extensively exploited for hybrid seed production. Orf456 was previously identified as a candidate gene mediating male sterility in pepper. To gain further insight of this candidate gene, we carried out experiments to transform Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.). About 30 T₁ transgenic lines were obtained and approximately 50 % of T₁ transgenic Chinese cabbage lines showed male-sterility. To evaluate pollen viability, three different approaches including plasmolysis test, staining pollen and in vitro germination assay were used. Analysis of the CMS transgenic lines showed that trasgenic Chinese cabbages produced aberrant pollen development while some were unable to produce pollen. In conclusion, the mitochondrial orf456 gene could induce partial male sterility in transgenic Chinese cabbage. Nevertheless, how the orf456 gene precisely functions to induce male sterility and its biochemical function remains to be discovered.

Citations

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• Variations in chlorosis and potential usefulness of alloplasmic Brassica rapa with the cytoplasm of male sterile Brassica juncea
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