Cysteine protease is one of the well-studied proteolytic enzymes in plants. This class of protease has been implicated in various physiological aspects of developmental stages in plants including seed germination, senescence, and disease immunity. A handful of studies assign plants cysteine protease in different molecular battlefield under a few selected pathosystems, and initially extricate complex molecular mechanism of resistance. Interestingly, the same type of proteases released by pathogens have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in establishing disease infection in plants. Most of which target resistance proteins resulting either in an access to the hosts biochemical loot or cascades of signals for defense. As means of enabling and disabling host immunity, this class of protease is subject to diversifying selection, which is an intriguing outcome under natural host pathosystem. This paper summarizes the key roles of cysteine proteases in a few selected plant pathosystems.

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• Transcriptome analysis of cacao reveals differentially expressed genes associated with resistance to Phytophthora palmivora
  Nur Kholilatul Izzah, Murukarthick Jayakodi, Sang-Choon Lee, Khaerati, Cici Tresniawati, Widi Amaria, Faizal Maulana, Jee Young Park, Tae-Jin Yang
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• Identification of a Papain-like Cysteine Protease Functioning as an Avirulence Factor in Striga–Cowpea Interactions
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  Plants.2025; 14(10): 1427.     CrossRef
• Exploring Bioactive Metabolites From Fusarium falciforme and Aspergillus terreus Isolated From Protease‐Rich Fruits: Antifungal, Antitrypanosomal, and Enzymatic Inhibitory Activities
  Gabriela de Oliveira Almeida, Vitor de Souza Mazucato, Ludmilla Tonani, Marcia Regina von Zeska Kress, Gisele Barbosa, Renata Krogh, Adriano Defini Andricopulo, Leonardo Luiz Gomes Ferreira, Paulo Cezar Vieira
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  Journal of Plant Growth Regulation.2024; 43(7): 2314.     CrossRef
• New Genomic Regions Identified for Resistance to Spot Blotch and Terminal Heat Stress in an Interspecific Population of Triticum aestivum and T. spelta
  Sudhir Navathe, Ajeet Kumar Pandey, Sandeep Sharma, Ramesh Chand, Vinod Kumar Mishra, Dinesh Kumar, Sarika Jaiswal, Mir Asif Iquebal, Velu Govindan, Arun Kumar Joshi, Pawan Kumar Singh
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• Genome-wide identification and molecular characterization of cysteine protease genes in rice
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  Plant Biotechnology Reports.2020; 14(1): 69.     CrossRef
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The differential expression of six basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes in response to low temperatures was studied by evaluating their mRNA levels in the buds and shoots of grapevines. Comparison of the amino acid sequences deduced from nucleotide sequences of the bHLH genes in Vitis labruscana transcripts revealed homologies ranging from 58.8% (VlCEbHLH1 and VlCEbHLH4) to 8.2% (VvbHLH and VlCEbHLH3). Specific primers from unique regions of genes were obtained by alignment of nucleotide sequences and used to evaluate differential expression patterns of bHLH genes. The accumulation patterns of bHLH mRNAs were induced differentially and dependent on the treated temperatures, −20°C in the buds and −2°C and 4°C in the shoots of ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Baily A’ grapevines. The bHLH genes showed differential expression patterns in response to low temperatures. In ‘Campbell Early’, the expression of VlCEbHLH1, VlCEbHLH2, and VlCEbHLH5 was up-regulated, while VlCEbHLH3 was down-regulated in response to −20°C cold stress. In ‘Muscat Bailey A’, the expression of all genes was rapidly up-regulated, peaking at 6 h, then decreasing at 12 h after treatment.

Although traditional rice varieties and wild rice species exhibit vast genetic diversity, the transfer of useful genes to modern varieties is often hampered by linkage drag. In this study, the previously identified blast resistance locus Pi45(t) from a cross between ‘Ilpumbyeo’ and ‘Moroberekan’ was linked to the spreading-type panicle caused by the SPR3 locus. Using InDel4 and RM17579 linked to the Pi45(t) and the SPR3, respectively, the distance between the two loci was estimated to be 6.9cM. This suggests a tight, yet incomplete linkage and provides the opportunity to utilize Pi45(t) in breeding programs without including SPR3. Two groups based on the genotype at the SPR3 locus were assembled; the CLosed Panicle (CLP) and SPReading panicle (SPR) groups, with lines which were homozygous for the Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan alleles, respectively. A comparison between the traits of CLP and SPR groups revealed a decrease in 1000-grain weight and length and an increase in spikelets per panicle and secondary branches in the SPR group. This complicates selection against SPR3 as it is not clear whether these quantitative trait loci are linked to either SPR3 or Pi45(t). Re-evaluation of these traits using lines recombinant at the two loci would be necessary to clarify this issue.

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• Directional upgrading of brown planthopper resistance in an elite rice cultivar by precise introgression of two resistance genes using genomics-based breeding
  Hongbo Wang, Yi Gao, Fangming Mao, Lizhong Xiong, Tongmin Mou
  Plant Science.2019; 288: 110211.     CrossRef

The functions of DUF640/ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1) domain proteins, which are found in most land plants, have not been well characterized, but some of these proteins regulate inflorescence architecture in rice and specify organ boundaries in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis DUF640-domain genes are initially identified as LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes. Chinese cabbage leaves have large, white midribs and photosynthetic leaf blades (or lamina). A DUF640 domain gene of Brassica rapa, BrLSH2, is specifically expressed in the midrib of Chinese cabbage. Arabidopsis and rice possess ten LSH family genes, but B. rapa has 24 LSH genes, which can be categorized into two or four groups based on sequence identity. Here, we examined the expression patterns of the LSHs in various Brassica species and analyzed the promoter sequence of the BrLHS2 gene. The transcript levels of most LSH genes were very high in the midrib but low in the leaf blade. These genes were evenly expressed throughout the petiole region of Korean cabbage and highly expressed in the leaf base region near the stem and in the border area in B. oleracea. In addition, BrLSHs were expressed in both bundle and mesophyll cells of the midrib. These expression patterns suggest the possible use of these genes to generate leafy vegetables with altered leaf morphology. The BrLSH2 promoter, which contains auxin- and cytokinin-responsive elements as well as leaf development-related elements, may confer midrib-specific expression, suggesting that this promoter may be useful for the production of midrib-targeted transgenic Chinese cabbage.

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• Genome-wide analysis of LSH genes reveals evolutionary patterns in Rosaceae and a positive role for MdLSH10b in adventitious root formation
  Xi Li, Shuyang Gu, Donglin Huang, Liu Cong, Yawen Shen, Yujie Zhao, Wanyu Xu, Pengbo Hao, Kunxi Zhang, Miaomiao Wang, Jian Jiao, Chunhui Song, Ran Wan, Jiangli Shi, Tuanhui Bai, Shangwei Song, Yu Liu, Jiancan Feng, Xianbo Zheng
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• Whole transcriptome analysis and construction of a ceRNA regulatory network related to leaf and petiole development in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis)
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• Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of wALOG Family Genes Involved in Branch Meristem Development of Branching Head Wheat
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Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. Durum) are major staple food crops in the world. However, their production are limited by environmental stress such as drought. In order to evaluate wheat’s response to drought, a total of 77 common wheat and durum wheat consisted of 19 Korean common wheat, 30 Tunisian common wheat and 28 Tunisian durum wheat were used in this study. Drought stress was applied for 21 days by suspending water application starting at the third leaf-expansion stage, followed by watering for the recovery of wheat until harvesting. Phenotypic parameters such as plant height, leaf length, tiller number, chlorophyll content, days to flowering and dry weight were scored during and after the treatment. Drought tolerance trait index (DTTI) and drought tolerance index (DTI) were calculated and used as criteria for selection of drought tolerance. At the end of treatment, most of the parameters except tiller numbers significantly decreased. Even after re-watering, plant height, leaf length, and dry weight continuously decreased. However, leaf chlorophyll content, and days to flowering of both stressed and non-stressed plants showed no significant differences. A total of 17 drought tolerance related simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers were used to identify genetic distance between Korean and Tunisian cultivars and elucidate possible use of marker systems for drought resistance. The common wheat and durum wheat cultivars formed different clusters for drought tolerance (resistance, moderate resistance, susceptible) using the SSR data. The results obtained in this study could help to increase genetic resources and breeding program for drought tolerance.

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• Agronomic and Molecular Identification of Drought-Tolerant Bread Wheat Varieties in Iran
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A novel allele of the putative soybean raffinose synthase gene, RS2, was discovered in PI200508 that is associated with the low raffinose and stachyose content. Soybean line PI200508 was identified as expressing reduced levels of raffinose and stachyose as well as elevated levels of sucrose. The RS2 mutant gene shows three base pairs InDel with the normal gene. Based on InDel region we developed novel co-dominant and dominant marker. The aim of this study was to develop Korean soybean cultivars, Daewon, Cheongja, and Danmiput, containing low levels of raffinose and stachyose. A specific markers assay for the PI200508 RS2 allele was developed to allow direct selection of the low raffinose and stachyose phenotype. Our findings highlight the efficiency of allele-specific markers in selection, which is evident in the matching genotype and results of the HPLC in the F₂ generations of Daewon×PI200508 population.

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• Breeding a black soybean line with green cotyledon free from lectin, KTI, P34, lipoxygenase, and stachyose
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A set of five Korean rice cultivars and seven drought-tolerant indica lines were screened under irrigated non-stress and drought-stressed conditions in the 2011 and 2012 dry seasons at IRRI, Philippines. The drought-stressed experiment received mild to moderate stress. Under drought stress, ‘IR86918-B-439-B’ had the highest grain yield among all tested lines and ‘Hanarembyeo’ had the highest grain yield among the five Korean rice cultivars. ‘IR86918-B-439-B’ also had the highest yield under irrigated non-stress conditions. The grain yield of ‘Hanareumbyeo’ was similar to ‘IR86918-B-439-B’ under non-stress conditions. SSR marker analysis was performed using 125 SSR markers for detection of polymorphic markers between the Korean rice cultivars and the drought-tolerant indica lines, and for genetic diversity analysis. Twelve polymorphic markers were identified in the region of three major drought QTLs (DTY1.1, DTY2.2, DTY3.1) in two of the Korean rice cultivars and three of the drought-tolerant lines. These polymorphic markers will be useful as foreground genotyping markers for drought-QTL introgression in Korean rice genetic backgrounds.

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• qDTY introgression to improve the drought tolerance of Taiwanese japonica rice variety Tainan 11
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The purpose of this study was to produce doubled haploid red color heading type Chinese cabbage using isolated microspore culture. Genotypic differences in embryogenic response and regenerative ability of microspore-derived embryos to plants were observed. A high rate of plant regeneration from microspore-derived embryos was achieved by an improved protocol involving replacement of culture media and adjustment of heat shock temperature. More than 60% of regenerated plants were spontaneous doubled haploids. Haploids were characterized by short and malformed stamen and few viable pollen grains as compared to spontaneous doubled haploids and dihaploids. The seeds harvested from the 142 spontaneous doubled haploid plants were designated as H1; 25 seeds in each population was grown and characterized. The H1 generation has been shown to display considerable phenotypic variation and high purity. These spontaneous doubled haploids may be directly exploited as new varieties in a red colored Chinese cabbage breeding program.

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• Microspore Embryogenesis Efficiency in Chinese Cabbage: The Predominant Role of Genotypic Variation
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The differential expression of β-1,3-glucanase genes in the leaves of Vitis flexuosa induced by fungal and bacterial pathogen infections was investigated. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of β-1,3-glucanase genes from the transcripts of V. flexuosa were compared. The percentage similarity of deduced amino acid ranged from 22.0% between VfGlu34359 and VfGlu48103 to 96.9% in VvGlu2735 and VvGlu48103. To demonstrate the differential expression pattern of β-1,3-glucanase genes, primers specific to unique regions in each gene were obtained by alignment of the sequences. Accumulation patterns of β-1,3-glucanase mRNAs in the leaves of V. flexuosa were induced differentially and were dependent on the pathogens used including Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Elsinoe ampelina, and Rhizobium vitis. This study provides useful information that will improve our understanding of grapevine defense responses to various pathogen attacks.

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• Genome-wide identification of the grapevine β-1,3-glucanase gene (VviBG) family and expression analysis under different stresses
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This experiment was carried out to identify genetic resources of chrysanthemum wild species and commercial cultivars that are resistant to white rust disease caused by Puccinia horiana. A total of 190 chrysanthemum accessions, composed of 11 accessions belonging to six wild species and 179 commercial cultivars, were screened for resistance to P. horiana isolates collected from Muan and Jeonju, the main production area of chrysanthemum in Korea. A total of 41 spray cultivars and three wild species (Chrysanthemum boreale, C. yoshinaganthum, and C. zawadskii) were identified as resistant. Nine standard and 28 spray cultivars with poorly developed chlorotic lesions and pustules on the leaves were moderate resistant. The remaining 18 standard, 83 spray cultivars and three wild species (Aster spathulifolius, C. indicum, and C. pacificum) were highly susceptible. The use of resistant cultivars is one of the most efficient approaches for overcoming white rust disease in chrysanthemum cultivation. Therefore, these genetic resources can be used in crossbreeding programs for developing white rust resistant chrysanthemum cultivars.

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