In order to estimate genetic diversity of Korean rice landraces, rice characters and SSR markers of 76 rice germplasms were analyzed. Of 12 rice characters, amylose content (AC) showed as largest variance (4.9 to 28.9%), whereas grain length (GL) showed as the lowest variance (4.4 to 5.9 mm). In principal component analyses (PCA), the first principal component explained 60.3% of total variance, in which culm length (CL) and growth period (GP) showed as positive variance and AC showed as negative variance. The second principal component explained an additional 22.4% of the total variance, in which GP and AC showed highly positive variables and CL showed a negative variable. Forty nine SSR markers produced a total of 473 alleles with an average of 9.65 alleles. Polymorphism information content (PIC) was in the range of 0.11 to 0.93. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.12 to 0.39, with an average value of 0.61. As a result of STRUCTURE analysis, 76 Korean rice landraces showed two subpopulations. In clustering analysis, rice characters and SSR markers were clustered into four groups and three groups, respectively. However, they were not significant different from each other. These results provided insight into the characteristics of Korean rice landraces, thus improving our knowledge on rice breeding.

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DNA barcoding is the use of short DNA sequences of the genome for large scale species identification. The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) plant-working group recommended a 2-locus combination as the standard plant barcode. The evolutions of the chloroplast regions combined with nuclear gens are sufficiently rapid to allow discrimination between closely related species. We evaluated the efficacy of the proposed plant barcoding loci, matK, along with ITS2 for barcoding the Vigna species. To assess the discriminatory ability of barcoding loci for identifying the Vigna species, we sampled 52 of the taxonomically best known groups in the genus. Topologies of the phylogenetic trees based on ITS2 and matK analyses were similar but a few accessions were placed into distant phylogenetic groups. Neither ITS2 nor matK analyses were able to discriminate some closely related Vigna species. Thus, we used concatenated data to increase the resolving power of ITS2 and used matK as an additional tool for phylogenetic analysis in Vigna because characterization of the nucleotide sequences of the matK region was easier and more cost-effective than that of the ITS region.

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• Genetic Diversity of Asian Vigna Species (Subgenus Ceratotropis; Genus Vigna) in India Based on ITS2 Sequences Data
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Chloroplast DNA sequences are a versatile tool for species identification and phylogenetic reconstruction of land plants. Different chloroplast loci have been utilized for phylogenetic classification of plant species. However, there is no report for a short DNA sequence that can distinguish all plant species from each other. Molecular markers derived from the complete chloroplast genome can provide effective tools for species identification and phylogenetic resolution. Thus, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Korean landrace “Subicho” pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) has been determined here. The total length of the chloroplast genome is 156,878 bp, with 37.7% overall GC content. A pair of IRs (inverted repeats) of 25,801 bp was separated by a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,929 bp and a large single copy (LSC) region of 87,347 bp. The chloroplast genome harbors 132 known genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. A total of seven of these genes are duplicated in the inverted repeat regions, nine genes and six tRNA genes contain one intron, while two genes and a ycf have two introns. Analysis revealed 144 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and 96 variants, mostly located in the intergenic regions. The types and abundances of repeat units in Capsicum species were relatively conserved and these loci will be useful for developing C. annuum cp genome vectors.

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• Ripening‐related metabolic changes in different chili pepper cultivars revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
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We investigated the species discriminatory efficiency of the proposed plant barcoding loci ITS2 and matK in Vicia species. In 2011, China Plant BOL Group proposed the addition of nuclear ITS2 to matK be accepted as a 2-locus DNA barcode to classify plant species. The matK region was chosen as a DNA barcode because of its effective species discriminating power, high quality sequence recovery, and easy experimental analysis. Integration of matK sequences into Vicia phylogeny could improve phylogenetic reconstruction of this species. To assess the ability of barcoding loci to resolve Vicia species, we sampled 36 of the taxonomically best known groups in the genus. Topologies of the phylogenetic trees based on ITS2 and matK analyses were similar but a few accessions were placed into distant phylogenetic groups. Neither ITS2 nor matK analyses alone could discriminate some closely related Vicia species. Thus, we have proposed a concatenated data approach to increase the resolving power of ITS2 and used matK as an additional tool for phylogenetic analysis in Vicia because characterization of the nucleotide sequences of the matK region was easier to recover and more cost-effective than those of the ITS region.

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• Deep learning for Fabaceae identification by integrating molecular and morphological data and a solution for barcode selection
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Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an excellent source of vitamins A and C and of flavonoid compounds, which are important antioxidant components believed to reduce the risk of various diseases. We investigated the antioxidant activity and flavonoid content in eggplant leaves and fruits to identify genetic resources with high antioxidant capacity for use in food or as feed additives, and also determined the influence of days to flowering, leaf blade colors, and latitudes of origin on the antioxidant activity and flavonoid content in eggplant leaves. The accessions originating from 45°N showed the highest flavonoid contents (AVG. = 15.4 μg mg⁻¹) followed by accessions from 30°~45°N (AVG. = 13.0 μg mg⁻¹), 15°~30°N (AVG. = 11.0 μg mg⁻¹), and 0°~15°N (AVG. = 9.5 μg mg⁻¹). The same pattern was also found in 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) antioxidant activities. High ABTS and DPPH activity and flavonoid content were found in the early-flowering accessions. All flavonoids of the greenish violet leaves were significantly higher than those of green leaves. The flavonoid concentration in eggplant leaves was 10 to 20 fold greater, at an average of 15.6 μg mg⁻¹, than that of the fruit (AVG. = 0.9 μg mg⁻¹). Taken together, eggplant leaves represent a potential source of natural antioxidants due to their high flavonoid content.

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• Valorization of Solanum melongena L. crop by-products: Phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties
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  Flávia Aparecida de Carvalho Mariano-Nasser, Cristine Vanz Borges, Juliana Arruda Ramos, Maurício Dominguez Nasser, Giovanna Alencar Lundgren, Karina Aparecida Furlaneto, Tânia Regina Kovalski, Rogério Lopes Vieites
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• A Polyphenol Rich Extract from Solanum melongena L. DR2 Peel Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity In Vitro
  Antonella Di Sotto, Silvia Di Giacomo, Donatella Amatore, Marcello Locatelli, Annabella Vitalone, Chiara Toniolo, Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino, Roberto Lo Scalzo, Anna Teresa Palamara, Maria Elena Marcocci, Lucia Nencioni
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasms with an amylose content above 30% were identified by screening 9481 accessions from the Rural Development Administration (RDA) gene bank. The total set of accessions came from 65 countries, including Korea, China, Japan, the Philippines, India, Taiwan, the United States, and Russia. High-throughput near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy equipped with a fiberoptic probe (700~2500 nm) was used to estimate the amylose content. The amylose contents ranged from 5 to 40% based on NIR spectroscopy; divided into 5% increments, the amylose content of 2820 accessions was found to be between 15 and 20%. To select rice accessions high in amylose, 239 accessions with an amylose content of 30% or greater were selected based on NIR spectroscopy data and cultivated in the field for final selection. Among the 239 accessions selected and cultivated, 151 were deemed agronomically satisfactory. Among the 151 accessions, based on laboratory analysis, 14 had an amylose content higher than 30% and 33 had an amylose content between 28 and 30%. The amylose contents of the reference cultivars Hopum-byeo and Sobi-byeo were 20.7% and 19.9%, respectively. Finally, successful selection of accessions with high amylose content from the large RDA gene bank collection was achieved based on a combination of NIR spectroscopy and laboratory data.

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• New Source of Rice with a Low Amylose Content and Slow In Vitro Digestion for Improved Health Benefits
  Pichayaporn Srinang, Sirimaporn Khotasena, Jirawat Sanitchon, Sompong Chankaew, Sanun Jogloy, Tidarat Monkham
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• Quality Characteristics of Rice-Based Ice Creams with Different Amylose Contents
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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an ancient oil seed crop that has been referred to as the ‘queen of oilseeds’ by virtue of its high quality oil. Fourteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to differentiate 70 sesame (Sesame indicum L) accessions. Forty-three of the accessions were from Korea and 27 were from China. An initial round of analysis using two SSR markers (GBssr-sa-005 and GBssr-sa-182) identified 21 distinct accessions. A second round of analysis using one additional SSR marker (GBssr-sa-108) identified 25 more distinct accessions. Addition of a fourth SSR marker (GBssr-sa-184) for a third round of analysis identified an additional 20 accessions. This study demonstrates differentiation between 43 accessions from Korea and 23 accessions from China by four SSR markers.

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• Marker–Trait Association for Protein Content among Maize Wild Accessions and Coix Using SSR Markers
  Shankarappa Varalakshmi, Smrutishree Sahoo, Narendra Kumar Singh, Navneet Pareek, Priya Garkoti, Velmurugan Senthilkumar, Shruti Kashyap, Jai Prakash Jaiswal, Sherry Rachel Jacob, Amol N. Nankar
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Sunflower is one of the most widely cultivated oil crops. It produces seeds which have abundant health benefits. The
objective
of this research was to determine the effects of two growing years and five planting dates on agronomic traits and chemical compositions in sunflower accessions. In this study, genotype by year interaction was significant for days to flowering, weight of seeds per plant, oil, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, all tocopherol and phytosterol components. The major source of variation in most agronomic traits and chemical compositions in sunflower was attributed by variation among genotypes. Days to flowering, head length, and weight of seeds per plant decreased when planting date was delayed. Oil content, stearic acid, oleic acid, α-tocopherol, total tocopherol, β-sitosterol, and total sterol contents decreased but linoleic acid increased when planting date was delayed. From this study, valuable information will be provided for sunflower breeders and growers in developing and producing functional food resources and products.

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Tomato was considered as one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops in the world. Tomato plant has high antioxidant capacity which can be attributed to the high levels of carotenoids, phenols, vitamins C and E. However, most of tomato plants have been discarded as waste after fruit harvesting. In order to identify genetic resources with high antioxidant level for use in food or as feed additives, we investigated the ABTS, DPPH antioxidant activity and polyphenol content in tomato leaves and stems. A total of 112 tomato accessions were classified into three groups by latitude of their collected countries: 30°~60° North (50 accessions), 0°~30° North (40 accessions), and 0°~30° South (22 accessions). Stem and leaf extracts showed wide variation in ABTS antioxidant activity ranging from 1.6 ± 1.0 to 48.4 ± 6.1 μg Trolox mg⁻¹ dw. The antioxidant activity of DPPH was in the range of 6.3 ± 0.2 to 40.0 ± 0.3 μg ASC mg⁻¹ dw. Total polyphenol content ranged from 6.1 ± 0.2 to 38.9 ± 0.7 μg GAE mg⁻¹ dw. ABTS, DPPH antioxidant activities and polyphenol content in accessions from 30°~60°N latitude were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from 0°~30°N latitude. ABTS values showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.700**) with DPPH activity. IT100506 (KOR) and 702959 (UKR) were recommended as potential sources of natural antioxidants due to their highest antioxidant activity among accessions. This study will provide valuable information for tomato breeders in developing and producing functional food or feed additives resources.

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The present study investigated the isolation and characterization of 34 polymorphic microsatellite markers developed from Actinidia arguta (Sieb. and Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. var arguta. These markers produced 349 alleles in eight Actinidia species, with an average of 10.3 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.50 to 0.87 (mean = 0.72), and polymorphism information content ranged from 0.37 to 0.88 (mean = 0.69). The phylogenetic relationship obtained using microsatellite markers showed minor clustering and population differences among species while 38 A. arguta accessions fell into two subgroups. These newly developed polymorphic microsatellite markers will be very useful in sustainable genetic conservation, marker-assisted breeding, and classification of the Actinidia genus.

Citations

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