Developing elite hybrid rice varieties is one important
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of rice breeding programs. Several genes related to male sterilities, restores, and pollinators have been identified through map-based gene cloning within natural variations of rice. These identified genes are good targets for introducing genetic traits in molecular breeding. This study was conducted to breed elite hybrid lines with major genes related to hybrid traits and disease/insect resistance in 240 genetic resources and F1 hybrid combinations of rice. Molecular markers were reset for three major hybrid genes (
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Plants adapt to hostile environmental condition through specialized cellular processes which require coordinated regulation of multiple transport mechanisms. Low-affinity cation transporter (LCT) 1 is a membrane transporter gene exclusive only to members of the grass family, and the rice genome contained only one copy of the gene. Accumulating evidence highlighted the important role of this gene in the regulation of various cations transport into the plant cells including heavy metals. To further characterize the role of this membrane transporter
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Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice (
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Global population is increasing day-by-day, simultaneously, crop production need to increase proportionately. Whereas, increase crop production being restricted due to abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stresses are adversely affected crop growth and development, leading to crop loss globally and thereby causing huge amount of economic loss as well. Contrary, pathogens are attacked the plants imposing biotic stress and severely hampers the yield. Therefore, it is prime need to understand the molecular mechanism and genes involved to minimize the biotic and abiotic stresses for mitigating the
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MADS-box genes are well known for the ABC model of flower development. In this study, we investigated the expressions of A, B and C functions
Plant breeding programs are often used to improve varieties through creating diverse agronomic traits. During a breeding program, a lot of genetic diversities are created in the genome after different generations through homologous recombination. Genome sequencing technology has revolutionized the discovery of genes and molecular markers associated with diverse agronomic traits in crop improvement programs. Genomic research is now in the peak of success, thus creating new opportunities for crop improvement modern sequencing technology is now capable of sequencing thousands to millions of bases per run. Modern sequencing technologies enable the sequencing of different cultivars with small to complex genomes at a reasonable time and cost. These massive data can be used to identify important agronomic traits of crops such as fruit color, size, ripening, flowering time adaptation, grain yield, and quality maintenance. In addition, they can be used to develop crop varieties. This mini-review is focused on the role of genome sequencing in genomic research and plant breeding for crop improvements.
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The rise of whole genome sequences of different plants provided more understanding about the gene regulation and genome evolution in further studying plants. More and more pathways and networks are identified by novel gene discoveries. Therefore, the Plant and Animal Genome Conference (PAG XXIV) provides a good venue to share the recent progress in the area of plant research genome sequencing technologies in various plants. However, this information can make a powerful system for developing improved crop varieties. By the way, the genome annotation and assembly is an essential key for breeding of stress-tolerant plants. PAG XXIV demonstrated different works about the extensive use of genomic databases accompanied by bioinformatics tools to accelerate breeding methods, discovery of new approaches to genomics, further increasing biomass of bioenergy crops, and explaining the genetic mechanisms in plant growth and defense. This review article summarizes some of the researches in various plants of rice, corn, wheat, cottonwood, switchgrasses,
Increasing demand for food commodities and energy supply highlight the necessity to further improve crop productivity. At the Plant and Animal Genome Conference (PAG XXIV), recent developments and future plans for genomics research of plants and animals were presented. PAG XXIV provided a forum to explore crop genomes with the aim of providing new opportunities for crop breeding and the foundation for functional genomic studies to improve agriculture production and help feed the growing population. Genetic diversity and population structure studies of crops have allowed us to explore alleles related to different characteristics important for plant breeding. Several useful databases were introduced in PAG XXIV. They were developed to integrate a growing set of commonly used data types and analysis tools with new capabilities for visualization, exploration, and predictive analysis. This review highlights the global trends in plant genomics presented at PAG XXIV by focusing on crop productivity.
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In order to estimate genetic diversity of Korean rice landraces, rice characters and SSR markers of 76 rice germplasms were analyzed. Of 12 rice characters, amylose content (AC) showed as largest variance (4.9 to 28.9%), whereas grain length (GL) showed as the lowest variance (4.4 to 5.9 mm). In principal component analyses (PCA), the first principal component explained 60.3% of total variance, in which culm length (CL) and growth period (GP) showed as positive variance and AC showed as negative variance. The second principal component explained an additional 22.4% of the total variance, in which GP and AC showed highly positive variables and CL showed a negative variable. Forty nine SSR markers produced a total of 473 alleles with an average of 9.65 alleles. Polymorphism information content (PIC) was in the range of 0.11 to 0.93. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.12 to 0.39, with an average value of 0.61. As a result of STRUCTURE analysis, 76 Korean rice landraces showed two subpopulations. In clustering analysis, rice characters and SSR markers were clustered into four groups and three groups, respectively. However, they were not significant different from each other. These results provided insight into the characteristics of Korean rice landraces, thus improving our knowledge on rice breeding.
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DNA methylation is a common and rapid evolving epigeneticmechanism among higher eukaryotic organisms including cytosine residues in CG and CNG sequences.
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Rice (
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A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between Ilpumbyeo (a
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An increasing preference for good eating quality of rice among consumers has become one of the important considerations in rice breeding. Amylose content is a leading factor affecting eating quality of rice. Amylose composition is determined by the relative activity of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). This study focused on modifying the expression of
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Cysteine protease is one of the well-studied proteolytic enzymes in plants. This class of protease has been implicated in various physiological aspects of developmental stages in plants including seed germination, senescence, and disease immunity. A handful of studies assign plants cysteine protease in different molecular battlefield under a few selected pathosystems, and initially extricate complex molecular mechanism of resistance. Interestingly, the same type of proteases released by pathogens have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in establishing disease infection in plants. Most of which target resistance proteins resulting either in an access to the hosts biochemical loot or cascades of signals for defense. As means of enabling and disabling host immunity, this class of protease is subject to diversifying selection, which is an intriguing outcome under natural host pathosystem. This paper summarizes the key roles of cysteine proteases in a few selected plant pathosystems.
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DNA barcoding is a technique that provides rapid identification of species without using morphological cues. The method employs relatively small-standardized DNA fragments as tags to define or discover species. In plants, the mitochondrial genome evolves much more slowly than in animals. There is currently no consensus on which candidate markers comprise the best plant DNA barcoding region; however, DNA barcodes such as
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Molecular genetic studies of self-incompatibility (SI) are the most accentuating part in the way of advancement of reproductive mechanisms in flowering plants. In the Brassicaceae plants, self-incompatibility has been mapped genetically to a single chromosomal location where several closely linked genes have been identified. Recently, various studies have provided a novel insight into the basis of specificity in the
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Cabbage (
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Brown rice contains beneficial phytonutrients such as antioxidants, anthocyanins and oryzanol, and oryzanol is one of the major components. However, the information of oryzanol contents and genetic data are limited in Korean rice landraces to use the genetic resources. This study was conducted to investigate varietal differences of the oryzanol content and analyze the genetic diversity using SSR marker about 196 Korean rice landraces. Among tested germplasm, the total γ-oryzanol values showed the high variation ranged from 9.8 to 55.9 mg 100g−1 and an average content value was 27.2 mg 100g−1. Particularly, IT007903, IT007714, IT006622 and IT006125 accessions were showed γ-oryzanol contents higher than 50mg 100g−1. The 24-methylene cycloartenyl ferulate was the most prevalent with an average value of 29.9% among the total γ-oryzanol components, and followed by cycloartenyl ferulate (26.7%). Genetic diversity among 196 landrace accessions was evaluated based on 46 SSR markers carrying total 396 alleles. The mean values of observed (HO) and expected heterozygosities (HE) were 0.009 and 0.497, respectively, indicating a considerable amount of polymorphism within this collection. A genetic distance-based phylogeny grouped into seven clusters with genetic distance (GD) value was 0.6. According to the phylogenetic analysis, roughly 7 clusters were divergent, and the γ-oryzanol content values showed statistical differences by the four groups (
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The latest report on the draft genome of
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