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Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that has a significant role in many biochemical processes involved in cotton plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stress factors. Exogenous SA has been shown to have effects on plant growth and development, resistance to fungi and insects, and mitigation of abiotic stress factors. Treating cotton seedlings or plants with SA in a culture medium or spraying them with SA has enabled scientists to identify genes responsible for this chemical, associated with several biological functions. SA has been established as part of the defense system in cotton plants: antifungal resistance and insect resistance. Besides, it is a part of plant growth and development as well as fiber development. Identifying SA-responsive genes and understanding their roles in plant resistance enables the development of stress-resistant genotypes. This paper reviews scientific data resulting from the treatment of cotton plants with exogenous SA. In the first section, we discussed antifungal resistance-related data linked to SA treatment, which makes up the highest content of the review. We highlighted its significant role in cotton plant antifungal resistance. The second section deals with SA-responsive genes and metabolites linked with insect resistance. In the third section, we reviewed SA-responsive genes and enzymes associated with cotton plant growth and development. The scientific data regarding SA-linked cotton fiber development have been discussed in the last section. In summary, we discussed SA-responsive genes, proteins, and metabolites that could be used to develop genotypes with enhanced traits.
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The genetic control of rice resistance has been extensively studied, but how the resistance mechanism is genetically controlled has received less attention. This study revealed that the rice resistance mechanism toward brown planthopper was genetically controlled by several genes with several mendelian patterns. The tolerance mechanism is controlled by three complementary genes; this is confirmed by QTL analysis, whereas the Antibiosis is controlled by three separate loci on chromosomes 2, 8, and 11. The antixenosis was controlled by polygenic, but detected locus only on chromosome 3, with minor effects.
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The development of rice seedlings stressed by drought and salt is shown by different morphometric and colorimetric traits. These distinctions can be used to understand the response of plants to challenging conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of image-based phenotyping in the early testing of rice plants and observe how the plants respond to both drought and salinity. A stress tolerance index with multivariate analysis was used for the selection of the most important traits. The experiment consisted of 2 factors, namely the degree of environmental stress and rice genotype. Furthermore, the degree of environmental stress comprised normal (NaCl and PEG 0%), drought (10% PEG), salinity (60 mM NaCl), as well as a combination of moderate drought and salinity (5% PEG + 30 mM NaCl). The results showed that both morphometric (area, convex hull, bounding area, perimeter, centermassy) and colorimetric (CIVE, VARI, RGBVI, MGRVI, NDI, GLI, NGRDI) can be used as selection characters.
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SNP-based markers have been widely used to identify tolerant varieties harboring major genes related to abiotic stress tolerance. Here, we developed Fluidigm markers for the core set of SNPs underlying tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, anaerobic germination and submergence. The core set of SNPs was selected from the major genes and/or QTLs for the abiotic stresses previously reported in rice;
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Targeted genome editing using CRISPR/Cas nucleases has become the standard approach for creating mutant plants. Significant progress has been made to enhance the editing efficiencies through optimizing CRISPR/Cas expression, including applying heat stress. In this study, we used heat stress to enhance the
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Drought stress is a crucial environmental factor for plant survival, and the development of drought-tolerant varieties is one of the goals of all cultivated plant researchers. In particular, the seedling stage is important for plant growth and development and is also the period most affected by drought. We investigated the initial response to drought stress in seedlings of two species of poplar (
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Peanut (
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We conducted transcriptome profiling analysis of
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The development of rice varieties that are tolerant of drought stress needs to be detected with Image-based phenotyping. This Image-based phenotyping method in combination with selection index and multivariate analysis can characterize the morphological response easily within a short time, which makes it is suitable for rice screening under drought stress. Therefore, this study aims to determine the selection index based on multivariate analysis and assess the effectiveness of using image-based phenotyping in drought rice screening. This study was conducted in two stages, the first was in static hydroponic and the second was in dynamic hydroponic. In static hydroponic, a split-plot design was used, where the levels of drought were the main plots and varieties were the subplots. However, in dynamic hydroponic, a nested design was used, where the replicates were nested in the drought level treatments. Also, The drought level factors used were PEG 0%, PEG 10%, and PEG 20%, and the variety factor consisted of 5 varieties which were repeated three times. The results showed that the selection index for static hydroponic consisted of shoot area (0.421), green shoot area (0.4177), and the area growth rate (0.4192). Meanwhile, the selection index in dynamic hydroponics consisted of object extent Y from the side (0.4516) and convex hull from the side (0.4177). The regression of the two-selection index has a good determination of 0.84. Hence, these results showed that rice screening based on image-based phenotyping can be recommended for rapid screening under drought stress.
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Ionizing radiation (IR) is regarded as an abiotic stressor for plants because it causes oxidative stress and changes the expression of genes. We investigated RNA sequencing-based global transcriptome changes induced by three different types of IR (gamma rays (GR), ion beams (IB), and proton beams (PB)) at different doses in rice. On average, 489 upregulated and 234 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found per sample. The union of the DEGs for each IR type was collected to simplify the comparison of effects among the different IR treatments. This resulted to a total of 1,558 DEGs after GR irradiation, 1,865 DEGs after IB irradiation, and 1,347 DEGs after PB irradiation. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the union DEG sets revealed 69 and 12 commonly enriched GO terms for up- and downregulated DEGs, respectively, many of which were closely related to oxidative stress responses. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway mapping and enrichment analysis of the union DEG sets also showed that most of the DEGs fell into common pathways related to oxidative stress, stress signaling, and redox reactions. A total of 137 transcription factor (TF) genes were differentially expressed, and many belong to families associated with stress responses. Our results suggest that different types and doses of IR can induce universal gene expression changes in response to oxidative stress. This study contributes to our understanding of the molecular response mechanisms to IR in plants.
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Wheat is globally an important cereal crop. Environmental stress, especially drought stress can play an important role in the reduction of plant growth, specifically during germination in arid and semi-arid regions. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treated hydroponic conditions create negative osmotic potential which is compared with moisture deficit stress. The main
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of this study was to investigate the effects of PEG 6000 induced moderate osmotic stress on germination indices of 22 wheat varieties. In order to study the effects of osmotic stress on germination indices in wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted, using a completely randomized design with three replications under two different levels of PEG-6000: 0% and 10%. PEG stress significantly reduced percent germination, shoot length and root length. PEG stress significantly increased root-shoot ratio and oven dry weight. Principal component analysis revealed response of traits of tolerant wheat varieties under osmotic stress. Correlation study revealed the significant relationships among germination indices. The variety BARI Gom-30 recorded comparatively higher root length (6 cm), shoot length (7.8 cm), root-shoot ratio (1.37) followed by the variety Sonalika whereas the variety Kalaysona recorded the lowest root length (2.7 cm) and shoot length (2.8 cm) under PEG stress. Evolved information of this research including selected traits such as germination percentage, root-shoot ratio and dry weight of seedlings could be exploited in wheat breeding program for drought and osmotic stress tolerance.
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Osmotic stress is a kind of stress which is directly or indirectly related to all other abiotic stresses. Four rice varieties namely Binadhan-11 (with
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Plants adapt to hostile environmental condition through specialized cellular processes which require coordinated regulation of multiple transport mechanisms. Low-affinity cation transporter (LCT) 1 is a membrane transporter gene exclusive only to members of the grass family, and the rice genome contained only one copy of the gene. Accumulating evidence highlighted the important role of this gene in the regulation of various cations transport into the plant cells including heavy metals. To further characterize the role of this membrane transporter
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Temperatures that extend beyond normal levels of tolerance cause severe stress to plants, especially during the reproductive and grain filling/ripening stages. Heat stress leads to serious yield losses in many crop plants, including rice (
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In this study,
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Heat stress is one of the factors disturb productivity and growth of plants. Many genes including heat shock protein (HSP), heat shock transcription factors (HSF) and chaperones, were identified and characterized in many plants to play role in increased tolerance to abiotic stress. To reveal responsive gene to heat stress, we performed RNA-seq using two Korean soybean varieties under heat stress and normal conditions. The transcripts were analyzed, and we obtained 2,458 genes including 46 co-up regulation and 55 co-down regulated genes in both soybean varieties. We also revealed HSPs, HSFs and chaperones in the differentially expressed genes using BLAST and Pfam analyzation and verified expression changes under heat stress. Finally, we find 68 genes involved in HSP, HSF, chaperones in heat responsive genes associated increasing heat tolerance. As a result, relatively small HSP families were up regulated and continuously expressed in long period heat stress. On the other hand, large molecule HSPs, HSFs and chaperonin did not response to long heat stress. The expression profiling and characterization provide invaluable information to understand heat tolerance of soybean.
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Plants have adapted to environmental challenges by expressing many plant genes in response to the stresses. Among those genes, CCCH zinc finger proteins are involved in abiotic and biotic stresses. Transgenic soybean plants overexpressing
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Cold stress is an emerging threat for rice production in Bangladesh particularly in Boro season (winter rice) at seedling stage. Cold stress during seedbed stage or early establishment stage at the main field induces severe seedling mortality that increases cost cultivation and delays crop establishment and ultimately entails into low yield. Development of sustainable cold tolerant high yielding rice varieties warrants an efficient and economic screening technique of germplasms and breeding population. The protocols for cold screening that so far have been used by the breeders and reported in literature are generally dependent on natural cool temperature and/or expensive climate chamber. In this paper, we report an in-house screening protocol that requires less than three weeks to complete the screening cycle and can be used all year round for mass screening of breeding population.
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Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice (
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Low temperature stress at the seedling stage of rice is an important factor causing the leaf discoloration, wilting and consequently leads to non-uniform crop maturation. In order to screen the cold tolerance elite lines efficiently, the five cold treatment conditions with different water and air temperature were designed and treated at seedling stage. For the evaluation of seedling tolerance, the injury was scored by visual rate and measured by Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) meter. In the reactions of varieties for each treatment, the treatment ‘B’ condition, 12ºC mean water with 24ºC mean air, shows clear discoloration, so it’s correlation coefficient was highest (r=−0.9,
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Global population is increasing day-by-day, simultaneously, crop production need to increase proportionately. Whereas, increase crop production being restricted due to abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stresses are adversely affected crop growth and development, leading to crop loss globally and thereby causing huge amount of economic loss as well. Contrary, pathogens are attacked the plants imposing biotic stress and severely hampers the yield. Therefore, it is prime need to understand the molecular mechanism and genes involved to minimize the biotic and abiotic stresses for mitigating the
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Glutathione
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Increasing demand for food commodities and energy supply highlight the necessity to further improve crop productivity. At the Plant and Animal Genome Conference (PAG XXIV), recent developments and future plans for genomics research of plants and animals were presented. PAG XXIV provided a forum to explore crop genomes with the aim of providing new opportunities for crop breeding and the foundation for functional genomic studies to improve agriculture production and help feed the growing population. Genetic diversity and population structure studies of crops have allowed us to explore alleles related to different characteristics important for plant breeding. Several useful databases were introduced in PAG XXIV. They were developed to integrate a growing set of commonly used data types and analysis tools with new capabilities for visualization, exploration, and predictive analysis. This review highlights the global trends in plant genomics presented at PAG XXIV by focusing on crop productivity.
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Plant is frequently exposed to various abiotic stress. Salt stress is particularly an important abiotic stress that seriously affects plant growth and development.
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Advances in plant molecular techniques have dramatically widened the applicability of gene identification and pyramiding valuable genes. This study was carried out to pyramid five resistance genes for biotic stress into the
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Plants have adapted the ability to respond to various abiotic stresses such as high salinity, osmotic stress, high and low temperatures, and drought in order to survive. Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) play important and extensive roles in plant defenses against abiotic stresses. Herein, we cloned an sHsp gene from the rice, which we named
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C3HC4-type RING zinc finger proteins are known to be essential in the regulation of plant processes, including responses to abiotic stress. In order to explore the potential of the
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